These days this industry is highly unpredictable, depending greatly on total supply and demand trends. In consequence, steel prices amendment with total financial pursuit. Marketplace conditions indoors the minute 2008-2009 led to the insolvency of a figure of US and total steel producers and the implementation of import tariffs. While lubricate charge or else fall down with the fall of scaling-down humankind extensive. Tariff protection representing confined manufacturers of iron and steel, however, is being phased barred and confined producers resolve carry on to elevation tough charge competition from imports.
Pursuit indoors the EU steel using sectors continued to decline sharply indoors the 2nd quarter of 2009. While a consequence, output indoors the 1st partly of the time was almost 23% down on the same episode of 2008. Companies had to muddle through with an record deterioration indoors demand representing industrialized goods, both indoors the EU and indoors total export markets. Despite stabilising fiscal markets, financing remained a chief bottleneck representing the largest part companies. Significantly bargain industrialized pursuit and exceptionally uncertain organization conditions led to abrupt account reductions indoors the downstream handing out string.
Organization prospects representing the advent quarters wait bleak although overall sentiment appears to ensue humanizing. Since July, spanking industrialized commands ongoing to recover faintly from the lows reached earlier indoors the time. The hottest PMI survey data representing the steel stuff manufacturing sector besides propose approximately recovery indoors output from a low level indoors the months further on. This ought to reduce the overall deterioration indoors production indoors the steel using sectors to 18% this time. The forecast representing 2010 shows a gradual supplementary perfection; from Q2 onwards year-on-year growth may well happen to faintly certain again. On balance, output is likely to register solitary a very modest growth.
Humanizing financial conditions ought to run to a extra pronounced recovery indoors 2011; the initially estimate representing steel weighted industrialized reduction shows a 4% increase.
Showing posts with label Article: STEEL MAKING PROCESS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Article: STEEL MAKING PROCESS. Show all posts
Scrap metal monitoring radioactivity in steel
The radioactive sources, large and small, used in many industries worldwide. Some of these sources fall through the cracks of the applications of radiation to which they belong and are misplaced or lost. Since their appearance often gives away what it really is, these sources often have their way into yards. Many recycling steel scrap yards of them from casting and roll the helm of various sheet metal products. If the steel factory will merge one of these sources, the products they produce will be contaminated. If the source is large, or if there are multiple sources, this could pose a serious risk to public health.
To reduce the risk of receiving radioactive materials from the suppliers of waste, many mills have implemented hardware detection of radiation at the ports of their property. These detectors are often large plastic scintillators designed to detect gamma radiation emitted from the source. These systems usually consist of several sensors and a control unit which is controlled by an operator in the gatehouse. Although these screens well designed road is always very difficult to detect a source in a load of waste. Often these sources are encapsulated in some form of shielding and complicate further and scrap the sides of container as the act as shielding.
Port monitors are the first lines of defense for steel mills. Many of them are controlled by others to cranes that pick up waste load on trucks and cars take to the scrap mill. Also, inside the crane loading scrap charging buckets, which are then dumped in the oven to melt scrap metal from an alternative system of radiation detection. If a radiation source in steel at the time, this is the last chance that the plant must be found before the melting of steel.
If the premises melting a radioactive source is important that the radioactive steel equipment not transferred to Andre Miller, or worse, formed in the product and the right to leave the area. Follow the procedure that the radiation detected in the steel, which consumes more expensive per hour will be for the steel plant for cleaning. Most factories have complete control of the steel after melting the sample and place in the one other radiation detector. This is done before the liquid steel is placed in the molding machine.
Port monitors are the first lines of defense for steel mills. Many of them are controlled by others to cranes that pick up waste load on trucks and cars take to the scrap mill. Also, inside the crane loading scrap charging buckets, which are then dumped in the oven to melt scrap metal from an alternative system of radiation detection. If a radiation source in steel at the time, this is the last chance that the plant must be found before the melting of steel.
If the premises melting a radioactive source is important that the radioactive steel equipment not transferred to Andre Miller, or worse, formed in the product and the right to leave the area. Follow the procedure that the radiation detected in the steel, which consumes more expensive per hour will be for the steel plant for cleaning. Most factories have complete control of the steel after melting the sample and place in the one other radiation detector. This is done before the liquid steel is placed in the molding machine.
The Process to Make the Armor
Iron and animate accept become allotment and bindle of our circadian activity in this avant-garde world. They are acclimated in altered agency and for altered purposes these days. And actuality we are traveling to attending at some of the agency in which adamant and animate has been acclimated from the age-old times as well.
Iron and Steel
Iron can be disconnected into two types: with little carbon agreeable it becomes adaptable and is animate or wrought-iron, and with added than the minimum of carbon actual in its agreement it is cast-iron and absorbed to be brittle.
Probably the greatest use of the metal in the accomplished was in the authoritative of Armour and arms. Armour was acclimated both for aegis in action and in jousting, and for august purposes. In the aboriginal instances it was advised not alone to abide assault from lances and cudgels but to avert them and agitated the opponent's balance.
Ceremonial accessories on the added hand, displayed the art of the armourer to the best advantage and apparent his accomplishment at adorning a clothing in the a lot of arresting manner. Accomplished Armour of either blazon is now acutely attenuate alfresco museums, and even if it was accessible actual few collectors accept amplitude in which to affectation it adequately. Embellishment takes the anatomy of engraving, gilding, aloft patterns, and damascening: applique in gold and silver.
Swords and added duke weapons were generally awful decorated; aboriginal ones of accomplished superior are rare, but seventeenth- and eighteenth-century examples can be found.
Firearms accept accustomed a abundant bulk of abstraction in the endure few years, and the amount of a acceptable pistol has risen enormously. The accountable is a actual advanced one and cannot be dealt with briefly. Mechanisms for battlefront the allegation of armament and ejecting the missile can be disconnected into apparent types that accomplish dating possible, but alone aural advanced limits.
From the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries the crumb was afire by agency of a wheel-lock, a accustomed asperous caster which attempted to bang blaze from a section of flint commensurable to a cigarette-lighter. Its successor, alien aboriginal in the seventeenth century, was the flint-lock, in which a section of flint absorbed in animate aperture was sprung down on to the crumb and afire it as it addled the animate powder-pan.
This adjustment endured until aboriginal in the nineteenth century, if a baby cap, absolute chemicals that detonated on getting hit, accepted as a bang cap, was invented. The cap was placed abreast the powder, and if the activate was apprenticed the bang fell and the cap exploded the gunpowder.
We accept apparent how adamant and animate were acclimated to appearance ability through the armours of the kings and his soldiers that proves their ability and power. We accept aswell apparent how the authoritative action complex has progressed from the time it has been extensively.
Iron can be disconnected into two types: with little carbon agreeable it becomes adaptable and is animate or wrought-iron, and with added than the minimum of carbon actual in its agreement it is cast-iron and absorbed to be brittle.
Probably the greatest use of the metal in the accomplished was in the authoritative of Armour and arms. Armour was acclimated both for aegis in action and in jousting, and for august purposes. In the aboriginal instances it was advised not alone to abide assault from lances and cudgels but to avert them and agitated the opponent's balance.
Ceremonial accessories on the added hand, displayed the art of the armourer to the best advantage and apparent his accomplishment at adorning a clothing in the a lot of arresting manner. Accomplished Armour of either blazon is now acutely attenuate alfresco museums, and even if it was accessible actual few collectors accept amplitude in which to affectation it adequately. Embellishment takes the anatomy of engraving, gilding, aloft patterns, and damascening: applique in gold and silver.
Swords and added duke weapons were generally awful decorated; aboriginal ones of accomplished superior are rare, but seventeenth- and eighteenth-century examples can be found.
Firearms accept accustomed a abundant bulk of abstraction in the endure few years, and the amount of a acceptable pistol has risen enormously. The accountable is a actual advanced one and cannot be dealt with briefly. Mechanisms for battlefront the allegation of armament and ejecting the missile can be disconnected into apparent types that accomplish dating possible, but alone aural advanced limits.
From the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries the crumb was afire by agency of a wheel-lock, a accustomed asperous caster which attempted to bang blaze from a section of flint commensurable to a cigarette-lighter. Its successor, alien aboriginal in the seventeenth century, was the flint-lock, in which a section of flint absorbed in animate aperture was sprung down on to the crumb and afire it as it addled the animate powder-pan.
This adjustment endured until aboriginal in the nineteenth century, if a baby cap, absolute chemicals that detonated on getting hit, accepted as a bang cap, was invented. The cap was placed abreast the powder, and if the activate was apprenticed the bang fell and the cap exploded the gunpowder.
We accept apparent how adamant and animate were acclimated to appearance ability through the armours of the kings and his soldiers that proves their ability and power. We accept aswell apparent how the authoritative action complex has progressed from the time it has been extensively.
Squandering ways to reduce iron with oxygen directly.
Squandering iron ore by means of oxygen reduction occurs directly before squandering squandering by a blast furnace. Current amount of steel produced by this method squander less than 2 percent of the total volume of squandering the world's steel. Mexico is a country that produced the most. Many plants are plants with capacity of 450 tons of steel per day squandering squandering steel produced by this method is similar to a small grain. When expanded view to see the surrounding porous. Similar hole made in the sponge iron is often called porous (sponge iron) production of perforated metal different from the steel by squandering squandering a blast furnace. Iron ore is ground to provide detailed size 11.5 mm fuel use methane gas, which generally is separated from natural gas. Or carbon monoxide gas. With hydrogen. These gases act as fuel to heat high. And allow oxygen reduction reaction.
Iron ore was ground to flow into the reactor (reactor) from the tower gas heat (heating tower) will flow into the reactors. React with the iron ore is porous iron out. Iron ore to react in the reactor about 10-14 hours long 100 tons of iron ore to steel, perforated steel, perforated 60-65 tons 1 ton require 760-800 cubic meters of methane gas, iron sulfur content is less porous than iron squander that. from squandering a blast furnace. Because sulfur in iron ore were removed by the reaction of oxygen reduction at porous steel will be made to steel.
The perforated steel suitable sources of natural gas. Or carbon monoxide as a volume. Take - Thai municipal project to produce porous iron using natural gas found in the Gulf of Thailand. This project plans to set up factories in the industrial area east coast
Iron ore was ground to flow into the reactor (reactor) from the tower gas heat (heating tower) will flow into the reactors. React with the iron ore is porous iron out. Iron ore to react in the reactor about 10-14 hours long 100 tons of iron ore to steel, perforated steel, perforated 60-65 tons 1 ton require 760-800 cubic meters of methane gas, iron sulfur content is less porous than iron squander that. from squandering a blast furnace. Because sulfur in iron ore were removed by the reaction of oxygen reduction at porous steel will be made to steel.
The perforated steel suitable sources of natural gas. Or carbon monoxide as a volume. Take - Thai municipal project to produce porous iron using natural gas found in the Gulf of Thailand. This project plans to set up factories in the industrial area east coast
Squandering squandering iron with a blast furnace.
From iron ore to steel, we will squander squander squander before using a blast furnace. Which resembles a high chimney. Diameter is 6-12 meters 40-60 meters high and smaller at lower swollen near the base of the furnace directly. To do with external plates. The internal personnel with different fireguard.
By temperature. It's on the kiln car is moving conveyor iron ore and limestone, along with Teanocgk be used to contain fuel stove from above. Beneath a hole blown into the air through the coal to burn. Waste and filth that. Will be a separate channel bottom of the oven. Before Tech took iron melting out. Steel to steel called squandering.
This will also benefit what is not. As vulnerable. Because some substances are called impure substances such as silicon phosphorus sulfur contamination is enormous. And the amount of carbon in iron to squander up to 4 per cent must be made of steel or cast iron. Or other words that speak.
Materials in the production of cast iron or steel, other steel is steel mixed squandering sure enough. Steel production is squandering squandering of a blast furnace is approximately 500-2000 tonnes per day per stove. The average coal consumption of 0.6 tons per 1 ton of steel squander.
Reactions that occur in the kiln. Oxygen reduction reaction is as follows.
Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO.
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2.
By temperature. It's on the kiln car is moving conveyor iron ore and limestone, along with Teanocgk be used to contain fuel stove from above. Beneath a hole blown into the air through the coal to burn. Waste and filth that. Will be a separate channel bottom of the oven. Before Tech took iron melting out. Steel to steel called squandering.
This will also benefit what is not. As vulnerable. Because some substances are called impure substances such as silicon phosphorus sulfur contamination is enormous. And the amount of carbon in iron to squander up to 4 per cent must be made of steel or cast iron. Or other words that speak.
Materials in the production of cast iron or steel, other steel is steel mixed squandering sure enough. Steel production is squandering squandering of a blast furnace is approximately 500-2000 tonnes per day per stove. The average coal consumption of 0.6 tons per 1 ton of steel squander.
Reactions that occur in the kiln. Oxygen reduction reaction is as follows.
Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO.
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2.
Squandering Steel in Thailand.
Steel is a metal key. And use than other metals. Global steel production estimated percentage. 96 average in all of metal each year. The steel industry is. Century Buddhism began around 9, but also obstacles in the production of steel and can not be very time-generation steel (Iron Age) has started seriously in the 20th century, Buddhism is squandering steel from iron ore. The squandering a blast furnace (blast furnace) in the first fuel is wood charcoal. To use coal (coal) currently used Teanocgk (coke) instead of coal, steel production during the 20 century, Buddhism is not good quality steel. Most iron in the form of squandering (pig iron), even a poor quality steel. But the popularity has led to benefits. It features better than other metals. In Buddhist century Sir Henry 23 Best Access Merrill (Sir Henry Bessemer, harbor in 1813 -1893, the British engineers) find a way to squander your steel - better known properties of steel (steel) that. plate hardness can be increased. And other features. Great discoveries of Sir Henry Best Access Merrill makes steel quickly. Time and very low. Considered that the revolutionary steel industry.
There are several types of iron ore. Each has different components. Iron ore is scattered almost throughout the world. But good quality iron ore. Total concentration is high. And a sufficient amount of minerals to produce steel are not many of the players. The following types of iron ore is.
1. Hematite is a mineral right to squander the steel. Of iron ore is in the form of oxides. With chemical formula Fe2O3 that is a red iron ore. Steel has about 70 per cent found in USA - America, Australia, the Soviet Union.
2. Magnetite ore that is suitable to use as squandering iron ore a chemical formula Fe3O4 that is black and steel percentage approximately 72 to 73 found in the United States, Sweden and China.
3. Siderite ore is brown with a low number concentration. And iron in the form of a carbonate chemical formula that is iron FeCO3 approximately 47-49 per cent preferred not to squander it with a minimum amount of iron minerals found in the United States, UK and Germany.
4. Limonite minerals are brown and the iron ore in the form of oxide compounds in a chemical formula that Fe2O3 X (H2O) with iron about 60-65 per cent found in France, the United States.
5. Pyrite in iron ore in the form of supporting a recipe that is light Grand FeS2 is a brown steel approximately 60 percent due to iron in the form of supporting a Grand light. Is not popular to be squandering. Because the sulfur in the ore to make steel, sulfur has been squandering doctor become brittle steel.
In Thailand as the survey. Iron minerals found in many areas, such as iron ore they lean buffalo. Lopburi. Echiyongcan Province, Muang District, all provinces all his nondescript Kanchanaburi him - Steel Nakhon Si Thammarat. Mineral found mostly Hematite minerals and mineral supply some Magnetite enough to unlock the steel industry or squander steel industry has. But the lack of investment. Because the steel industry is squandering the money fund industry.
In the steel industry. Steel production was divided into 2 major methods together is.
1. Squandering iron directly from iron ore. Squandering divided into 2 sub-method approach is squandering squandering steel. The squandering a blast furnace. Steel and squandering squandering way reduce oxygen directly (direct reduction) production by this method after suitable sources of natural gas a lot.
2. The steel used to melt scrap steel in the new electric stove. Steel production by this method does not require iron ore.
There are several types of iron ore. Each has different components. Iron ore is scattered almost throughout the world. But good quality iron ore. Total concentration is high. And a sufficient amount of minerals to produce steel are not many of the players. The following types of iron ore is.
1. Hematite is a mineral right to squander the steel. Of iron ore is in the form of oxides. With chemical formula Fe2O3 that is a red iron ore. Steel has about 70 per cent found in USA - America, Australia, the Soviet Union.
2. Magnetite ore that is suitable to use as squandering iron ore a chemical formula Fe3O4 that is black and steel percentage approximately 72 to 73 found in the United States, Sweden and China.
3. Siderite ore is brown with a low number concentration. And iron in the form of a carbonate chemical formula that is iron FeCO3 approximately 47-49 per cent preferred not to squander it with a minimum amount of iron minerals found in the United States, UK and Germany.
4. Limonite minerals are brown and the iron ore in the form of oxide compounds in a chemical formula that Fe2O3 X (H2O) with iron about 60-65 per cent found in France, the United States.
5. Pyrite in iron ore in the form of supporting a recipe that is light Grand FeS2 is a brown steel approximately 60 percent due to iron in the form of supporting a Grand light. Is not popular to be squandering. Because the sulfur in the ore to make steel, sulfur has been squandering doctor become brittle steel.
In Thailand as the survey. Iron minerals found in many areas, such as iron ore they lean buffalo. Lopburi. Echiyongcan Province, Muang District, all provinces all his nondescript Kanchanaburi him - Steel Nakhon Si Thammarat. Mineral found mostly Hematite minerals and mineral supply some Magnetite enough to unlock the steel industry or squander steel industry has. But the lack of investment. Because the steel industry is squandering the money fund industry.
In the steel industry. Steel production was divided into 2 major methods together is.
1. Squandering iron directly from iron ore. Squandering divided into 2 sub-method approach is squandering squandering steel. The squandering a blast furnace. Steel and squandering squandering way reduce oxygen directly (direct reduction) production by this method after suitable sources of natural gas a lot.
2. The steel used to melt scrap steel in the new electric stove. Steel production by this method does not require iron ore.
Iron and steel production processes.
Production of iron and steel includes the following steps.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
3. Foundry.
4. The process such as forming iron shots.
Products through Step 4 and then go through a progression that can be. Industry continued. To produce a variety of types of usage such as construction materials, container, tank pressure pipes, automotive parts. Electrical machinery and so on.
In Thailand, iron and steel production will start from the intermediate annealing and casting.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
Author of mineral ore is to be converted into the right size and features to squander such as grinding iron ore to extract the information from the stigma then. May be separated based on different specific gravity (Float) or by magnetic separation (Magnetic separation), the minerals that are too detailed. To bale. (Agglomeration) before entering into oven squander.
Squandering iron ore is converted into steel to increase purity. (% Increase of iron) by removing various contaminants. From iron ore.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
Annealing steel is to heat the steel squandering (Pig iron) or steel, perforated steel scrap to make steel melt temperatures (approximately 1600 ° C).
For steel production. In this annealing process. Will improve the mix of steel by a chemical oxidation as to reduce the amount of carbon and phosphorus. The compounds are added. To reduce the amount of additives and chemicals making steel features desired. . In this process. Contaminants, mainly oxide compounds. Sponsors of the elements that need musical folk drama. To separate the metals from water. We run a separate contaminants that Slag.
3. Foundry.
Cast iron is bringing the steel to melt, then garnish
ingredients in a Hotel for the coagulation of the desired shape.
The cast can be divided into 2 a share.
1. Ingot casting is a casting of water into a steel foundry Tech is not moving (Stationary mold) to cast the ingot (Ingot).
2. Continuous casting (Continuous casting) is the melt water to flow through a steel foundry (Mold) and continued to freeze. "Semi-product success" is Billet, Bloom or Slab, which can be cut and processed through the following processes.
Continuous casting currently popular. Since led to the increase in productivity was (Yield), improve quality, increase productivity and efficiency of investment.
4. The process.
The process is fabricated steel to melt to get the shape and size desired. In addition to improving commercial properties of steel products also. The process includes the processing of hot and cold processing.
For plates over the hot iron can then be used to direct certain. But for some plates will be reduced in size by cold rolled. To get the desired thickness and other reasons as follows.
1. To improve the quality of the skin.
2. To provide desired mechanical properties.
3. To have a thickness less than hot rolled.
4. To control the thickness of the low discrepancy.
Because the iron is hot rolled low over the evening. Therefore, in certain plates are produced from the iron was hot to size up one before. Then cold rolled to make.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
3. Foundry.
4. The process such as forming iron shots.
Products through Step 4 and then go through a progression that can be. Industry continued. To produce a variety of types of usage such as construction materials, container, tank pressure pipes, automotive parts. Electrical machinery and so on.
In Thailand, iron and steel production will start from the intermediate annealing and casting.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
Author of mineral ore is to be converted into the right size and features to squander such as grinding iron ore to extract the information from the stigma then. May be separated based on different specific gravity (Float) or by magnetic separation (Magnetic separation), the minerals that are too detailed. To bale. (Agglomeration) before entering into oven squander.
Squandering iron ore is converted into steel to increase purity. (% Increase of iron) by removing various contaminants. From iron ore.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
Annealing steel is to heat the steel squandering (Pig iron) or steel, perforated steel scrap to make steel melt temperatures (approximately 1600 ° C).
For steel production. In this annealing process. Will improve the mix of steel by a chemical oxidation as to reduce the amount of carbon and phosphorus. The compounds are added. To reduce the amount of additives and chemicals making steel features desired. . In this process. Contaminants, mainly oxide compounds. Sponsors of the elements that need musical folk drama. To separate the metals from water. We run a separate contaminants that Slag.
3. Foundry.
Cast iron is bringing the steel to melt, then garnish
ingredients in a Hotel for the coagulation of the desired shape.
The cast can be divided into 2 a share.
1. Ingot casting is a casting of water into a steel foundry Tech is not moving (Stationary mold) to cast the ingot (Ingot).
2. Continuous casting (Continuous casting) is the melt water to flow through a steel foundry (Mold) and continued to freeze. "Semi-product success" is Billet, Bloom or Slab, which can be cut and processed through the following processes.
Continuous casting currently popular. Since led to the increase in productivity was (Yield), improve quality, increase productivity and efficiency of investment.
4. The process.
The process is fabricated steel to melt to get the shape and size desired. In addition to improving commercial properties of steel products also. The process includes the processing of hot and cold processing.
For plates over the hot iron can then be used to direct certain. But for some plates will be reduced in size by cold rolled. To get the desired thickness and other reasons as follows.
1. To improve the quality of the skin.
2. To provide desired mechanical properties.
3. To have a thickness less than hot rolled.
4. To control the thickness of the low discrepancy.
Because the iron is hot rolled low over the evening. Therefore, in certain plates are produced from the iron was hot to size up one before. Then cold rolled to make.
Aluminium and steel recycling
Steel and aluminium are common materials in the manufacturing industry. The global steel consumption is around 2 billion metric tons every year and the aluminium consumption is around 30 million tons in 2009. Europe and North American countries are playing a huge role in recycling these aluminium materials.
Aluminum is obtained from bauxite, a clay-like ore that is rich in aluminium compounds. World bauxite resources comprise around 75 billion tones in which the major quantity is present in South America and Africa. More than 3 to 4 kg of bauxite is needed to get one kg of aluminium. By conserving one kg of aluminium you are leaving the earth 4 kg of bauxite ore for your younger generation. Its not just about the resources, even you can save a lot of energy by recycling these precious materials. Results shows aluminium recycling requires only 5% of the energy needed as of the energy required for the primary production of this material. Aluminium cans are the most recycled materials next to steel cans in the world. Around 60 % of the aluminium cans are recycled in US alone by 2009.
The global steel consumption is increasing at a very high rate. Statistics shows an increase of 4% of average steel consumption is recorded in developing countries like China and India. Furthermore analysts predict this consumption rate will be more than 9% by 2012. Approximately around 11 million tons of steel is thrown out as scrap in which more than 60% of the scrap is recycled. Steel recycling is also considered to be an economical recycling process when compared to other precious metals like copper, brass, gold and silver. Reports indicate recycled steel requires only 20% of the energy needed for the primary production of this material from iron ore.
With the statistics reports and other proven results we can come to a conclusion that with this metal recycling the earth's metal resource balance can be sustained only through hard efforts. Though governments are doing their best with new legal laws for recycling it's our responsibility also to save these precious resources for our younger generation. Our responsibility doesn't end with saving these resources but we have to spread the word and encourage others to recycle as much as possible.
Article Source: http://www.ArticleBlast.com
Aluminum is obtained from bauxite, a clay-like ore that is rich in aluminium compounds. World bauxite resources comprise around 75 billion tones in which the major quantity is present in South America and Africa. More than 3 to 4 kg of bauxite is needed to get one kg of aluminium. By conserving one kg of aluminium you are leaving the earth 4 kg of bauxite ore for your younger generation. Its not just about the resources, even you can save a lot of energy by recycling these precious materials. Results shows aluminium recycling requires only 5% of the energy needed as of the energy required for the primary production of this material. Aluminium cans are the most recycled materials next to steel cans in the world. Around 60 % of the aluminium cans are recycled in US alone by 2009.
The global steel consumption is increasing at a very high rate. Statistics shows an increase of 4% of average steel consumption is recorded in developing countries like China and India. Furthermore analysts predict this consumption rate will be more than 9% by 2012. Approximately around 11 million tons of steel is thrown out as scrap in which more than 60% of the scrap is recycled. Steel recycling is also considered to be an economical recycling process when compared to other precious metals like copper, brass, gold and silver. Reports indicate recycled steel requires only 20% of the energy needed for the primary production of this material from iron ore.
With the statistics reports and other proven results we can come to a conclusion that with this metal recycling the earth's metal resource balance can be sustained only through hard efforts. Though governments are doing their best with new legal laws for recycling it's our responsibility also to save these precious resources for our younger generation. Our responsibility doesn't end with saving these resources but we have to spread the word and encourage others to recycle as much as possible.
Article Source: http://www.ArticleBlast.com
How to recycle steel
In North America, the most common material recycled is Steel. Counting back to more than 150 years ago the steel industry has recycled such materials on a daily basis in mass quantities due to the economical advantages. Since recycling is far more economically smart than paying workers to mine the iron ore and go through the procedures of production to form new steel which is no better than recycled. This is because while recycling no physical properties are lost during the process and requires far less energy and materials than if we were to refine from iron ore into new steel. The annual consumption of energy has been reduced by more around 75% each year due to the recycling of steel. To understand how much energy this is, nearly eighteen million homes could be powered for one whole year. In 2005 alone over 76 million tons of steel was recycled. For each ton of recycled steel, 630k kilograms of coal, 55kg of limestone, and 1,100kg of iron ore is saved.
In the past years, about 75% of all produced steel has been recycled. Most industrial steel such as structural plates and beams are recycled 97.5% of the time in 2004 and 2005. For other varieties of steel elements like reinforcement bars the recycling rate is a bit lower at 65%. Due to this high recycle rate most structured steel usually contains about 95% recycled content. Lighter, flat rolled steel only contains roughly 30% recycled materials. Since steel beams are made to be a standard dimension, a small amount of waste is produced while in construction. The little amount that is produced during construction can be recycled. Steel has advantages over wood in many ways. A few are stability, quality, and for economic reasons. A normal 2000 square-foot two-level house would use about five to six recycled cars for its steel frame. On the other hand using wood can require up to if not more than 40-50 trees.
Each year the demand for steel strengthens. There is a fair amount of steel that exists today and most is actively used daily. However, recycled steel has to be augmented by a "first-use" metal, extracted from raw materials. Automobiles, cans, appliances are a few of the more common steels recycled daily. Typical automobiles are roughly 66% iron and steel and appliances are a smaller amount lower at 65% steel by weight. Recycling the steel usually happens through the interlaced steel mills and the standard oxygen routine. Most steel is normally electrically melted by a furnace or for high alloyed products a furnace for induction is used.
Article Source: http://www.articlebase.info
In the past years, about 75% of all produced steel has been recycled. Most industrial steel such as structural plates and beams are recycled 97.5% of the time in 2004 and 2005. For other varieties of steel elements like reinforcement bars the recycling rate is a bit lower at 65%. Due to this high recycle rate most structured steel usually contains about 95% recycled content. Lighter, flat rolled steel only contains roughly 30% recycled materials. Since steel beams are made to be a standard dimension, a small amount of waste is produced while in construction. The little amount that is produced during construction can be recycled. Steel has advantages over wood in many ways. A few are stability, quality, and for economic reasons. A normal 2000 square-foot two-level house would use about five to six recycled cars for its steel frame. On the other hand using wood can require up to if not more than 40-50 trees.
Each year the demand for steel strengthens. There is a fair amount of steel that exists today and most is actively used daily. However, recycled steel has to be augmented by a "first-use" metal, extracted from raw materials. Automobiles, cans, appliances are a few of the more common steels recycled daily. Typical automobiles are roughly 66% iron and steel and appliances are a smaller amount lower at 65% steel by weight. Recycling the steel usually happens through the interlaced steel mills and the standard oxygen routine. Most steel is normally electrically melted by a furnace or for high alloyed products a furnace for induction is used.
Article Source: http://www.articlebase.info
Tata Steel in the Mid of Mittal's Arcelor Bid
L N Mittal's audacious USD 22.0 bn bid for steel giant Arcelor must have left the top management in a pensive mood. Arcelor is an important joint-venture partner in Tata Steel's ambitious automotive steels foray.
The Indian steel major has major plans for the automotive steels segment and has been quite aggressive in winning new business from Indian carmakers. Tata Steel now has a supply contract with most Indian carmakers including Maruti, Hyundai, Hyundai, Honda and Ford, a position of strength built nearly entirely in the last five years.
Arcelor, along with Nippon Steel is the strength of Tata Steel's automotive foray. The joint-venture with Arcelor signed in July 2003 granted Tata Steel license to Arcelor's Hot Dip Galvanised (HDG) products. Further, behind the scenes work was going on regarding the development of low cost speciality automotive steels for critical applications like fuel tanks (a major chunk of these steels are still imported) and also helping Tata Steel venture into the halo legion of laser welded Tailored Blanks.
Now with L N Mittal baring his teeth to bite into the apple called Arcelor, a successful takeover may lead to a precarious situation for Tata Steel. Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/automotive-articles/tata-steel-in-the-mid-of-mittals-arcelor-bid-219377.html
The Indian steel major has major plans for the automotive steels segment and has been quite aggressive in winning new business from Indian carmakers. Tata Steel now has a supply contract with most Indian carmakers including Maruti, Hyundai, Hyundai, Honda and Ford, a position of strength built nearly entirely in the last five years.
Arcelor, along with Nippon Steel is the strength of Tata Steel's automotive foray. The joint-venture with Arcelor signed in July 2003 granted Tata Steel license to Arcelor's Hot Dip Galvanised (HDG) products. Further, behind the scenes work was going on regarding the development of low cost speciality automotive steels for critical applications like fuel tanks (a major chunk of these steels are still imported) and also helping Tata Steel venture into the halo legion of laser welded Tailored Blanks.
Now with L N Mittal baring his teeth to bite into the apple called Arcelor, a successful takeover may lead to a precarious situation for Tata Steel. Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/automotive-articles/tata-steel-in-the-mid-of-mittals-arcelor-bid-219377.html
Iron and Carbon Make Wonderful Things When Allied With An Alloy
We've grown up hearing about stainless steel our whole lives. But how many people actually know what it really is? Let's take a look at the process of making steel stainless and some of its general applications.
English metallurgist Harry Brearley invented stainless steel in 1912 while he was researching alloys to protect cannons from erosion. The first commercial production of stainless steel occurred in August 1913. A few years later, stainless steel played a key role in building valves for aircraft engines during World War I. By the 1920's, people were finding myriad uses for stainless steel in America. Most famously, the seven arches on top of the Chrysler Building in New York City were clad in stainless steel in 1929.
Chemically speaking, stainless steel is defined as an iron and carbon alloy with a minimum of 11.5 percent chromium content. Its name indicates some of its properties, because it does not stain or rust as easily as ordinary steel. It is also sometimes referred to as corrosion resistant steel. It should not be confused with galvanized steel. Galvanized steel is dipped into zinc to prevent corrosion. Galvanized steel is created when the zinc goes through a reaction with the iron molecules. The most external layer is all zinc, but successive layers are a mixture of zinc and iron, with an interior of pure steel in galvanized steel.
Manganese is often found in many stainless steel compositions.
Manganese preserves an austenitic structure in the steel akin to nickel, and it is less expensive. Austenitic stainless steel makes up about 70 percent of the world's overall stainless steel production. Super austenitic stainless steels have high molybdenum contents and nitrogen additions, as well as higher nickel content. Because of these additions, they have a tremendous resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion. Other types of stainless steel include martenistic, ferritic and duplex, all of which have different compositions and strengths suited to various applications.
When its composition is 18 percent manganese and 10 percent nickel, it is often referred to as 18/10 stainless steel, which is often used in high-quality flatware. There are many different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel, which makes the material very adaptable to numerous applications. Look at the watch on your wrist. It's likely made from stainless steel. It is also to make airplanes, surgical appliances, building materials, cookware, cutlery, hardware, cars and jewelry.
Mill finishes can be applied to flat rolled stainless steel with the use of mechanical abrasives and the rollers themselves. After it is rolled to size and annealed, oxidation is removed and the passivation layer is made on its surface. At this time, a final finish can be added to enhance the appearance of the steel.
For example, a sheet may have a matte finish to it, where the face of the material is abrasively polished leaving a clean but dull sheen to the surface. This is often desired where the material will be used in a high visibility, high use location; the surface will not show scratches and scars as readily as a highly polished finish.
Stainless steel is available in both hot rolled steel sheets and cold rolled steel sheets, and it can also be obtained in plates, rolls, strips, foil and bars.
Article Directory : Aticle Board
English metallurgist Harry Brearley invented stainless steel in 1912 while he was researching alloys to protect cannons from erosion. The first commercial production of stainless steel occurred in August 1913. A few years later, stainless steel played a key role in building valves for aircraft engines during World War I. By the 1920's, people were finding myriad uses for stainless steel in America. Most famously, the seven arches on top of the Chrysler Building in New York City were clad in stainless steel in 1929.
Chemically speaking, stainless steel is defined as an iron and carbon alloy with a minimum of 11.5 percent chromium content. Its name indicates some of its properties, because it does not stain or rust as easily as ordinary steel. It is also sometimes referred to as corrosion resistant steel. It should not be confused with galvanized steel. Galvanized steel is dipped into zinc to prevent corrosion. Galvanized steel is created when the zinc goes through a reaction with the iron molecules. The most external layer is all zinc, but successive layers are a mixture of zinc and iron, with an interior of pure steel in galvanized steel.
Manganese is often found in many stainless steel compositions.
Manganese preserves an austenitic structure in the steel akin to nickel, and it is less expensive. Austenitic stainless steel makes up about 70 percent of the world's overall stainless steel production. Super austenitic stainless steels have high molybdenum contents and nitrogen additions, as well as higher nickel content. Because of these additions, they have a tremendous resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion. Other types of stainless steel include martenistic, ferritic and duplex, all of which have different compositions and strengths suited to various applications.
When its composition is 18 percent manganese and 10 percent nickel, it is often referred to as 18/10 stainless steel, which is often used in high-quality flatware. There are many different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel, which makes the material very adaptable to numerous applications. Look at the watch on your wrist. It's likely made from stainless steel. It is also to make airplanes, surgical appliances, building materials, cookware, cutlery, hardware, cars and jewelry.
Mill finishes can be applied to flat rolled stainless steel with the use of mechanical abrasives and the rollers themselves. After it is rolled to size and annealed, oxidation is removed and the passivation layer is made on its surface. At this time, a final finish can be added to enhance the appearance of the steel.
For example, a sheet may have a matte finish to it, where the face of the material is abrasively polished leaving a clean but dull sheen to the surface. This is often desired where the material will be used in a high visibility, high use location; the surface will not show scratches and scars as readily as a highly polished finish.
Stainless steel is available in both hot rolled steel sheets and cold rolled steel sheets, and it can also be obtained in plates, rolls, strips, foil and bars.
Article Directory : Aticle Board
Bethlehem Steel: the Steel That Built America
The doors to the steelworks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania closed for the last time in 1995, bringing to an end 140 years of steel-making in the town. Although no longer in its spiritual home, Bethlehem Steel continues to produce Steel, but its major production facility is now based in Burns Harbor, Indiana. The company has had its ups and downs, has been involved in providing steel for the construction of many railroads, bridges and iconic buildings throughout America and was the forerunner in the production of the steel girders used to build skyscrapers.
The first steel produced in Bethlehem was at the Saucona Iron Company, opened in 1857. Four years later the company changed its name to the Bethlehem Iron Company and in 1863 started mass production of iron railroad rails, used in the building of the Transcontinental Railroad. Over the next forty years contracts to supply steel were agreed with the US Navy, and by the time that Charles M. Schwab was appointed chairman in 1904 Bethlehem Steel Corporation not only had a huge plant in South Bethlehem, but ironworks in Cuba and shipyards on both US coasts.
In 1908 the company started production of wide-flange structural section steel,
leading to a building revolution; those sections being used in the new phenomenon of skyscraper construction. Five years later Bethlehem Steel acquired the Fore Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Mass. to become one of the country’s largest shipbuilders.
World War I provided Bethlehem Steel with a great opportunity to expand. At the start of the conflict the company had an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tons and employed 15,600 workers. By 1925, after supplying armor, ships, ordnance, guns and munitions for the US and Allied Forces during and immediately after the war, annual production grew to 8.5 million tons and the company’s workforce had grown to 60,000.
In the early thirties Bethlehem Steel continued to grow through acquisition, buying steel companies on the Pacific coast as well as McClintic-Marshall Corp., a major bridge and building construction company. This was the golden era for American construction and Bethlehem Steel was responsible for such landmark constructions as: the Golden Gate Bridge, U.S. Supreme Court, Rockefeller Plaza, Waldorf-Astoria and the George Washington Bridge.
During World War II Bethlehem Steel shifted all its production into military hardware, employing close on 300,000 workers of which 180,000 were directly involved in ship-building. Post-war, the company returned to producing steel for US domestic projects, as well as the military, and continued to thrive.
The 1960s saw steel imported to the USA reaching record levels, but Bethlehem still home-produced steel for such iconic structures as Madison Square Garden, Newport Bridge and the second Delaware Memorial Bridge. In 1973 Bethlehem Steel reported an income of $207 million, producing record levels of 23.7 million tons of raw steel and 16.3million tons of finished steel. The company continued to thrive, but in the early 1980s imported steel was making more of an impact, which forced a radical restructure of Bethlehem Steel, resulting in a halving of the workforce over five years in the mid-80s. Consolidation followed over the next ten years and reluctantly the production facility at Bethlehem – where it all began – was shut down in 1995.
Today, Bethlehem has recovered from the loss of its steelworks and is undergoing an economic and cultural renaissance. Hotels in Bethlehem once used by those who had business at the steelworks are now re-inventing themselves as tourist and conference centers. The steel may be long gone in Bethlehem, but the entrepreneurial spirit of its citizens is alive and well.
Article Directory : Article Base
The first steel produced in Bethlehem was at the Saucona Iron Company, opened in 1857. Four years later the company changed its name to the Bethlehem Iron Company and in 1863 started mass production of iron railroad rails, used in the building of the Transcontinental Railroad. Over the next forty years contracts to supply steel were agreed with the US Navy, and by the time that Charles M. Schwab was appointed chairman in 1904 Bethlehem Steel Corporation not only had a huge plant in South Bethlehem, but ironworks in Cuba and shipyards on both US coasts.
In 1908 the company started production of wide-flange structural section steel,
leading to a building revolution; those sections being used in the new phenomenon of skyscraper construction. Five years later Bethlehem Steel acquired the Fore Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Mass. to become one of the country’s largest shipbuilders.
World War I provided Bethlehem Steel with a great opportunity to expand. At the start of the conflict the company had an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tons and employed 15,600 workers. By 1925, after supplying armor, ships, ordnance, guns and munitions for the US and Allied Forces during and immediately after the war, annual production grew to 8.5 million tons and the company’s workforce had grown to 60,000.
In the early thirties Bethlehem Steel continued to grow through acquisition, buying steel companies on the Pacific coast as well as McClintic-Marshall Corp., a major bridge and building construction company. This was the golden era for American construction and Bethlehem Steel was responsible for such landmark constructions as: the Golden Gate Bridge, U.S. Supreme Court, Rockefeller Plaza, Waldorf-Astoria and the George Washington Bridge.
During World War II Bethlehem Steel shifted all its production into military hardware, employing close on 300,000 workers of which 180,000 were directly involved in ship-building. Post-war, the company returned to producing steel for US domestic projects, as well as the military, and continued to thrive.
The 1960s saw steel imported to the USA reaching record levels, but Bethlehem still home-produced steel for such iconic structures as Madison Square Garden, Newport Bridge and the second Delaware Memorial Bridge. In 1973 Bethlehem Steel reported an income of $207 million, producing record levels of 23.7 million tons of raw steel and 16.3million tons of finished steel. The company continued to thrive, but in the early 1980s imported steel was making more of an impact, which forced a radical restructure of Bethlehem Steel, resulting in a halving of the workforce over five years in the mid-80s. Consolidation followed over the next ten years and reluctantly the production facility at Bethlehem – where it all began – was shut down in 1995.
Today, Bethlehem has recovered from the loss of its steelworks and is undergoing an economic and cultural renaissance. Hotels in Bethlehem once used by those who had business at the steelworks are now re-inventing themselves as tourist and conference centers. The steel may be long gone in Bethlehem, but the entrepreneurial spirit of its citizens is alive and well.
Article Directory : Article Base
Steel History
Everyday, all around the world, we all experience steel. Our vehicles, our roofs, and the buildings we work in—they all impact us. Sometimes we can see it. Sometimes we walk on it and don't even know it.
Steel is vital to the economic stability of every developing country in the world. The steel industry supplies more that $50 billion worth of economic activity in the United States alone.
Countries like China and Russia create enormous demands for steel—straining full capacity steel suppliers.
History of Steel
Many people think steel is a product of the modern age. Not so. Some experts date steel manufacturing to 1,400 BC in Africa. The Chinese used steel, as far back as 200 BC, to successfully manufacture weapons. However, these were primitive steel making ages.
It wasn't until the 1600s that steel making became a large scale operation. Again, steel was used primarily to forge weapons. But during this time, inventors began to experiment with steel for different uses.
After hundreds of years of steel processing, different techniques introduced allowed steel to be manufactured and used on a large scale.
The Steel Marketplace
Steel, unlike most commodities, is not traded on a futures exchange. How is steel's price regulated? By market fluctuations, brought on by major supply and demand differences around the world.
As world economies expand and contract, the price of steel expands and contracts across continents. Speculation runs wild as to whether steel will be brought into a financial exchange
Steel in a Green World
There's no doubt that steel plays a vital role in the world economy. But, steel's creation is running straight into the green movement. Governments are increasingly enacting laws which restrict emissions generated by steel production.
Steel recycling programs help alleviate environmental stress by reducing the emissions produced from steel smelting.
As technology advances, manufacturers are finding better and cleaners processes for manufacturing steel.
Steel has become the commodity which is building the world. From ancient times until now, people have understood steel's significance for a modern, functioning world.
Article Directory: Article Base
Steel is vital to the economic stability of every developing country in the world. The steel industry supplies more that $50 billion worth of economic activity in the United States alone.
Countries like China and Russia create enormous demands for steel—straining full capacity steel suppliers.
History of Steel
Many people think steel is a product of the modern age. Not so. Some experts date steel manufacturing to 1,400 BC in Africa. The Chinese used steel, as far back as 200 BC, to successfully manufacture weapons. However, these were primitive steel making ages.
It wasn't until the 1600s that steel making became a large scale operation. Again, steel was used primarily to forge weapons. But during this time, inventors began to experiment with steel for different uses.
After hundreds of years of steel processing, different techniques introduced allowed steel to be manufactured and used on a large scale.
The Steel Marketplace
Steel, unlike most commodities, is not traded on a futures exchange. How is steel's price regulated? By market fluctuations, brought on by major supply and demand differences around the world.
As world economies expand and contract, the price of steel expands and contracts across continents. Speculation runs wild as to whether steel will be brought into a financial exchange
Steel in a Green World
There's no doubt that steel plays a vital role in the world economy. But, steel's creation is running straight into the green movement. Governments are increasingly enacting laws which restrict emissions generated by steel production.
Steel recycling programs help alleviate environmental stress by reducing the emissions produced from steel smelting.
As technology advances, manufacturers are finding better and cleaners processes for manufacturing steel.
Steel has become the commodity which is building the world. From ancient times until now, people have understood steel's significance for a modern, functioning world.
Article Directory: Article Base
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
