The latest crude steel statistics from the World Steel Association indicated global output in October rose 4.6% from September to 118 million tonnes and rose 2.4% from a year earlier. Production in China rose 4.9% from last month to 50.3 million tonnes which 43% of the global output, but it decreased 3.8% from a year earlier. Germany, Italy, Turkey, Ukraine, Canada and South Korea output increased 10% or over, compared to last year.
In the first ten months of this year, production rose 2.4% from 2008 was 1,165 million tonnes and rose 17.5% from 2009. In Europe and North America, crude steel production was still 17.4% and 16.8% respectively less than in 2008, while Asian output was 14.7% higher. Global capacity utilization in October rose to 75.4% from 74.8% in September. The earlier report from World Steel Association posted 74.4% rate for the month before last.
Crude oil price to fall the biggest weekly as concern in China bank reserve and Irish bailout
Bloomberg
Crude oil price for December delivery drop by 34 cents to 81.51 USD a barrel on NYMEX last Friday trading, 4% drop since Nov. 12, the most since the week ended Aug. 13. In addition, January contract price also slipped 44 cents, or 0.5%, to 81.98 USD a barrel. Brent crude for January settlement fell 71 cents, or 0.8%, to 84.34 USD a barrel on the ICE Futures Europe exchange in London.
Analysts from many research institutes commented to the same direction that China move on inflation curbing is weighing on this crude market. The People’s Bank of China announced it will raise the reserve ratio requirement for the nation’s banks by 50 basis points starting Nov. 29. Beyond of oil price drop, this announcement induced the biggest selloff in China’ stock index since May over the past two weeks. In addition, analysts also said that oil price drop this week amid concern Europe’s credit crisis would deepen because of mounting debt at Irish banks. Oil in NYMEX may increase next week amid speculation Ireland will accept a bailout, a Bloomberg News survey showed. Eighteen of 38 analysts and traders, or 47 percent, forecast crude will climb. Ten respondents, or 26 percent, predicted prices will fall and 10 estimated there would be little change.
Crude oil price for December delivery drop by 34 cents to 81.51 USD a barrel on NYMEX last Friday trading, 4% drop since Nov. 12, the most since the week ended Aug. 13. In addition, January contract price also slipped 44 cents, or 0.5%, to 81.98 USD a barrel. Brent crude for January settlement fell 71 cents, or 0.8%, to 84.34 USD a barrel on the ICE Futures Europe exchange in London.
Analysts from many research institutes commented to the same direction that China move on inflation curbing is weighing on this crude market. The People’s Bank of China announced it will raise the reserve ratio requirement for the nation’s banks by 50 basis points starting Nov. 29. Beyond of oil price drop, this announcement induced the biggest selloff in China’ stock index since May over the past two weeks. In addition, analysts also said that oil price drop this week amid concern Europe’s credit crisis would deepen because of mounting debt at Irish banks. Oil in NYMEX may increase next week amid speculation Ireland will accept a bailout, a Bloomberg News survey showed. Eighteen of 38 analysts and traders, or 47 percent, forecast crude will climb. Ten respondents, or 26 percent, predicted prices will fall and 10 estimated there would be little change.
G Steel expects return to profit in fourth quarter 2010
G Steel expects return to profits G Steel Plc, the debt-ridden hot-rolled steel manufacturer, hopes to return to the black in the fourth quarter on higher capacity use and foreign-exchange gains, especially once its US$170-million debt restructuring plan wins approval from bondholders.
The listed company's revised bond exchange programme failed to be endorsed at yesterday's bondholders' meeting, as attendance was insufficient for a quorum.
Attendees had to represent at least 90% of the total outstanding principal to approve the plan, but failing that, only 50% will be required for the next meeting expected on Nov 22 or later.
A G Steel executive said capacity use at the company's plant has increased to 60% in this fourth quarter, up from 40% in the third, as customers are placing more orders.
The factory produces 60,000 tonnes of steel per month, less than the profitable minimum of 100,000 tonnes, due to working capital constraints.
But G Steel has recorded foreign exchange gains, as up to 70% of the raw materials, mainly steel scraps, are imported and have thus become cheaper thanks to the stronger baht.
"We're hoping the company can register a profit from operations and possibly a net profit with some forex gains," said one executive.
"If the debt restructuring plan wins approval from the bondholders, the net profit will be significantly higher."
The plan is projected to result in a profit of two billion baht, as interest and debt principals will be reduced. Total debt amount would decline by 5 billion baht, said the executive.
G Steel earlier proposed amending the bond exchange programme to where only 40% of the outstanding principal would be converted into the company's equity, down from 60% previously, with the balance rescheduled for repayment.
Bondholders also proposed waiving all accrued and unpaid interest from three times the payment defaults totalling $26.8 million. The plan calls for the release of negative pledges currently inhibiting the company's ability to use its fixed assets as collateral for new credit facilities.
"We're optimistic that the bondholders will vote to support the plan in order to allow G Steel to resume normal operations so they can gain when our share price rises. This is a win-win solution for both sides instead of getting nothing if our restructuring becomes bogged down," said the executive.
"Once the plan is endorsed, our new strategic partners will be willing to inject fresh capital into the company. We're now in close talks with two potential foreign investors."
Apart from $170 million worth of overdue bonds, G Steel also owes more than $200 million to trade creditors, with talks underway to restructure that debt.
Sluggish rebar demand in Taiwan result volatile price
Due to weak rebar demand in Taiwan, major rebar producer Feng Hsin Iron & Steel decided to maintain stable rebar prices for the second week in a row at 19,200 TWD per tonne (634 USD per tonne). Meanwhile, Hai Kwang Enterprise Corp decided to cut price from 18,700 to 18,500 TWD per tonne. Rebar producer cut the product price, though scrap price is picking up because steel mill believe that buyers will accept with this price as similar to spot price last week.
Indian automotive component industry to touch 110 billion USD in 2020
The Times of India
According to joint report from Automotive Component Manufacturing Association of India (ACMA) and Ernst & Young, Indian auto component industry can potentially grow to over 110 billion USD by 2020, concurrent with the rising in vehicle production. Out of the estimated turnover, domestic sector is expected to contribute about 80 billion USD while exports will stand 29 billion USD.
In addition, the auto component industry would require investment of over 35 billion USD during the period with new employment opportunity for over a million people. The report told that passenger vehicle sector will grow to about 9,000,000 units while the commercial vehicle will touch 2,200,000 units annually by 2020.
POSCO raise domestic stainless steel price
Coking coal price to settle at 209 USD per tonne in Q4 2010
SE. Asia market resists higher scrap prices
Offer prices of scrap imports into Southeast Asia have risen by $10/tonnes or more during the last week. However, transactions in the region still limited and concluded at $5/tonne higher because the buyer still reluctant to accept the higher prices.
Currently, offer prices of 80:20 HMS 1&2 from Africa and the Middle East have risen to $345-350/tonnes Vietnam and $340/tonnes Singapore. In the meantime, offer prices for shredded from USA and UK have risen to $370-380/t cfr but market is resistance to book at this level. A trader in the regional told that demand in the regional market is currently weak and the mills are bidding at $360/t cfr or below.
Currently, offer prices of 80:20 HMS 1&2 from Africa and the Middle East have risen to $345-350/tonnes Vietnam and $340/tonnes Singapore. In the meantime, offer prices for shredded from USA and UK have risen to $370-380/t cfr but market is resistance to book at this level. A trader in the regional told that demand in the regional market is currently weak and the mills are bidding at $360/t cfr or below.
World crude steel output hit new record in May, but down in daily basis
World crude steel output hit new record in May, but down in daily basis
World crude steel production record a new highest monthly production of 124m tonnes in May, exceeded the previous record of 121m tonnes in May 2008. Production of all regions is significant higher than May 2009. Especially in North America and EU posed, their production posed more that 50% increase from the last year. Furthermore, World steel output in the first five month of this year has already reached 586m tonnes, up by 30% from the same period of the last year. However, a daily production rate of 4.1m tonnes/day in May was slightly lower than which in April.
Crude steel output
(Unit: thousand tonnes)
May 2010 May 2009 % change
EU-27 16,317 10,790 +51.2
Other Europe 2,842 2,355 +20.7
CIS 9,565 7,643 +25.1
N. America 9,841 5,890 +67.1
S. America 3,698 2,794 +32.4
Africa 1,446 1,187 +21.8
Middle East 1,650 1,435 +14.9
Asia 78,319 63,703 +22.7
Oceania 687 380 +80.7
Total 124,184 96,177 +29.1
Source: World Steel Association
World crude steel production record a new highest monthly production of 124m tonnes in May, exceeded the previous record of 121m tonnes in May 2008. Production of all regions is significant higher than May 2009. Especially in North America and EU posed, their production posed more that 50% increase from the last year. Furthermore, World steel output in the first five month of this year has already reached 586m tonnes, up by 30% from the same period of the last year. However, a daily production rate of 4.1m tonnes/day in May was slightly lower than which in April.
Crude steel output
(Unit: thousand tonnes)
May 2010 May 2009 % change
EU-27 16,317 10,790 +51.2
Other Europe 2,842 2,355 +20.7
CIS 9,565 7,643 +25.1
N. America 9,841 5,890 +67.1
S. America 3,698 2,794 +32.4
Africa 1,446 1,187 +21.8
Middle East 1,650 1,435 +14.9
Asia 78,319 63,703 +22.7
Oceania 687 380 +80.7
Total 124,184 96,177 +29.1
Source: World Steel Association
POSCO move forward to auto sheet market in Japan
| POSCO move forward to auto sheet market in |
| POSCO held the technical fair at Honda Motor’s head office in POSCO began to promote its products to Japanese carmaker since 2003 in its Early Vendor Involvement scheme. And few months ago, the Korean steelmaker held similar fairs at Nissan Motor and Suzuki Motor. Furthermore, POSCO also held the open fair at its 120,000 tonnes/year new coil centre in |
Misif lower steel demand forecast in Malaysia
Misif lower steel demand forecast in |
The Malaysian Iron & Steel Industry Federation (Misif) has revised its growth forecast of |
India economic growth will achieve double digit in 2012
India economic growth will achieve double digit in 2012
The Time of India
Indian Finance Minister proclaims that India could achieve double digit growth rate in the remaining two years of the 11th Five Year Plan if the present trend of growth continued. The Indian economy grew by 6.7% in 2008-09 and by 7.4% in 2009-10. In this fiscal year, the latest economic survey has projected 8.5% growth rate. The minister set target is to breach the barrier of double-digit growth and also hope that the growth means more jobs, employment, wealth and access.
The Time of India
Indian Finance Minister proclaims that India could achieve double digit growth rate in the remaining two years of the 11th Five Year Plan if the present trend of growth continued. The Indian economy grew by 6.7% in 2008-09 and by 7.4% in 2009-10. In this fiscal year, the latest economic survey has projected 8.5% growth rate. The minister set target is to breach the barrier of double-digit growth and also hope that the growth means more jobs, employment, wealth and access.
Posco thick over new prices for July-September
Posco thick over new prices for July-September
Posco is currently considering its new quarterly prices for July-September and expected to announce its decision by 20 June. The company is under pressure because their production costs, especially raw material prices, are expected to increase from the April-June quarter. On the other hand, demand from both of domestic and export markets has been weakening. Consequently, Posco will face more difficulty to pass the additional cost to its customers.
Furthermore, the change in the iron ore pricing system has led Posco to impose its first quarterly prices in the past 40 years. And the company has to be more cautious with its decision because that will impact downstream industries. According the Posco’s assumption, July-September prices will increase by 25% q-o-y for Vale’s iron ore and by 23% for BHP Billiton’s and Rio Tinto’s iron ore.
Posco is currently considering its new quarterly prices for July-September and expected to announce its decision by 20 June. The company is under pressure because their production costs, especially raw material prices, are expected to increase from the April-June quarter. On the other hand, demand from both of domestic and export markets has been weakening. Consequently, Posco will face more difficulty to pass the additional cost to its customers.
Furthermore, the change in the iron ore pricing system has led Posco to impose its first quarterly prices in the past 40 years. And the company has to be more cautious with its decision because that will impact downstream industries. According the Posco’s assumption, July-September prices will increase by 25% q-o-y for Vale’s iron ore and by 23% for BHP Billiton’s and Rio Tinto’s iron ore.
Stainless steel prices continue downward in China
Stainless steel prices continue downward in China
Stainless steel prices in Southern China decreased further by $59-102/tone for all grade during the last week because of weakening stainless steel demand and softening nickel prices during the early of June. On 11 June, prices of grade 304 hot rolled coil down to $2,752-2,781/tonne, while prices of grade 304/2B cold rolled coil dipped to $2,825-2,869/tonne. Furthermore, Chinese traders believed that stainless steel prices may dropped further by $59-117/t, if nickel prices do not rebound by the end of this week.
Stainless steel prices in Southern China decreased further by $59-102/tone for all grade during the last week because of weakening stainless steel demand and softening nickel prices during the early of June. On 11 June, prices of grade 304 hot rolled coil down to $2,752-2,781/tonne, while prices of grade 304/2B cold rolled coil dipped to $2,825-2,869/tonne. Furthermore, Chinese traders believed that stainless steel prices may dropped further by $59-117/t, if nickel prices do not rebound by the end of this week.
G Steel finalises debt plan | Debt-to-equity swap done by year-end
G Steel Plc, a financially troubled hot-rolled coil maker, will float 8.85 billion new shares in a debt-for-equity swap with creditors as part of its $534-million debt restructuring plan.
Garas: Production hike planned
Chief executive Ahab Garas, appointed the head of G Steel in early February, said bond holders and trade creditors would ultimately hold 40% of the company's stock. The company currently has 13.9 billion shares outstanding.
Under the restructuring plan, 3.2 billion shares will be allocated to investors in the company's $170-million senior bond due Oct 4. Another 5.6 billion shares will be offered to trade creditors holding debt of $300 million.
Based on G Steel's market price of 0.37 baht per share on Mar 25, the swap represents a recovery rate of 20% for creditors. The plan is subject to final approval from G Steel shareholders later this year.
The restructuring plan would impose a 30-month silent period on the creditholders accepting the equity swap. Equity would be in the form of non-voting depository receipts, with the company projecting a recovery value for creditors ranging from 20% to 100%, depending on the appreciation of share values post-restructuring.
G Steel missed an interest payment on the senior bonds last October, following a missed payment on a bank loan last April.
The firm, founded in 1995 by Somsak Leeswadtrakul, reported a loss of 8.58 billion baht last year on revenues of 25.1 billion, compared with a 2008 loss of 1.23 billion on revenues of 41.7 billion.
Mr Garas said the plan would be critical for the successful restructuring of an additional $64 million in secured loans owed by Oriental Access, a wholly owned subsidiary of G Steel.
G Steel chief financial officer Ari Levy said the Oriental Access debt would be paid in cash received from new strategic partners. He said G Steel is in talks with a number of potential partners, including Japan's Mitsui & Co.
"But strategic partners will not be willing to inject the money into G Steel until the first part of the financial restructuring is concluded," said Mr Levy.
G Steel, in a notice to the Stock Exchange of Thailand yesterday, said Oriental Access must make a $10-million repayment by May 1 and a $20-million repayment on Sept 1. Final payment of $25 million in principal and all outstanding interest and fees will be due Jan 3. The debt was cut by $8 million in principal and $4 million in interest after the claim and sale of 850 million G Steel shares pledged as collateral.
Mr Garas and Mr Levy were appointed to G Steel from Turnaround Steel Management, a consultancy leading the financial restructuring and rehabilitation plan of the company. Mr Somsak is vice-chairman of the firm.
"So far, several of G Steel's key creditors have already expressed preliminary support for this plan," Mr Garas said, adding that the plan should be completed by the second half of 2010.
Mr Levy said the plan had been structured to benefit all stakeholders.
"We are confident that the restructuring will be successful as the plan is designed for the benefit of new and existing shareholders without dilution effects," he said.
"Two major reasons why we are here is that we believe in the company's good assets while the steel industry in Thailand and Southeast Asia has great growth potential," he said.
G Steel and its subsidiary G J Steel Plc have a capacity of 3 million tonnes of hot-rolled coils per year, but limited working capital and the economic crisis forced the firm to cut production. Production would be raised within 90 days following the recapitalisation.
Shares of G Steel closed 29/03/2010 on the SET at 0.38 baht, unchanged, in trade worth 19 million baht.
Garas: Production hike planned
Chief executive Ahab Garas, appointed the head of G Steel in early February, said bond holders and trade creditors would ultimately hold 40% of the company's stock. The company currently has 13.9 billion shares outstanding.
Under the restructuring plan, 3.2 billion shares will be allocated to investors in the company's $170-million senior bond due Oct 4. Another 5.6 billion shares will be offered to trade creditors holding debt of $300 million.
Based on G Steel's market price of 0.37 baht per share on Mar 25, the swap represents a recovery rate of 20% for creditors. The plan is subject to final approval from G Steel shareholders later this year.
The restructuring plan would impose a 30-month silent period on the creditholders accepting the equity swap. Equity would be in the form of non-voting depository receipts, with the company projecting a recovery value for creditors ranging from 20% to 100%, depending on the appreciation of share values post-restructuring.
G Steel missed an interest payment on the senior bonds last October, following a missed payment on a bank loan last April.
The firm, founded in 1995 by Somsak Leeswadtrakul, reported a loss of 8.58 billion baht last year on revenues of 25.1 billion, compared with a 2008 loss of 1.23 billion on revenues of 41.7 billion.
Mr Garas said the plan would be critical for the successful restructuring of an additional $64 million in secured loans owed by Oriental Access, a wholly owned subsidiary of G Steel.
G Steel chief financial officer Ari Levy said the Oriental Access debt would be paid in cash received from new strategic partners. He said G Steel is in talks with a number of potential partners, including Japan's Mitsui & Co.
"But strategic partners will not be willing to inject the money into G Steel until the first part of the financial restructuring is concluded," said Mr Levy.
G Steel, in a notice to the Stock Exchange of Thailand yesterday, said Oriental Access must make a $10-million repayment by May 1 and a $20-million repayment on Sept 1. Final payment of $25 million in principal and all outstanding interest and fees will be due Jan 3. The debt was cut by $8 million in principal and $4 million in interest after the claim and sale of 850 million G Steel shares pledged as collateral.
Mr Garas and Mr Levy were appointed to G Steel from Turnaround Steel Management, a consultancy leading the financial restructuring and rehabilitation plan of the company. Mr Somsak is vice-chairman of the firm.
"So far, several of G Steel's key creditors have already expressed preliminary support for this plan," Mr Garas said, adding that the plan should be completed by the second half of 2010.
Mr Levy said the plan had been structured to benefit all stakeholders.
"We are confident that the restructuring will be successful as the plan is designed for the benefit of new and existing shareholders without dilution effects," he said.
"Two major reasons why we are here is that we believe in the company's good assets while the steel industry in Thailand and Southeast Asia has great growth potential," he said.
G Steel and its subsidiary G J Steel Plc have a capacity of 3 million tonnes of hot-rolled coils per year, but limited working capital and the economic crisis forced the firm to cut production. Production would be raised within 90 days following the recapitalisation.
Shares of G Steel closed 29/03/2010 on the SET at 0.38 baht, unchanged, in trade worth 19 million baht.
European stainless sheet market could be overheating
The European flat rolled stainless steel market is slightly overheated at the moment, several market sources believe. This is leading to concern that the ongoing upward movement in base prices could come to an abrupt end, especially as extended mill lead-times are now approaching the quieter summer holiday period.
Although mills are only achieving modest base price increases of €30-50/tonne each month , transaction prices have been rising very fast as nickel continues to propel surcharges on austenitic grades ever higher.
Although mills are only achieving modest base price increases of €30-50/tonne each month , transaction prices have been rising very fast as nickel continues to propel surcharges on austenitic grades ever higher.
Korean rebar steel imports jump 43%
Korea’s rebar imports in January jumped 43% from last December to 75,000 tonnes, the highest monthly total since October 2008. The reason of rising import is believed that consumer buying during February-March will be active in preparation for spring construction starts.
Meanwhile, rebar stocks of Korea’s seven major producers dropped to 220,000-230,000 tonnes, a decrease of 120,000-130,000 tonnes from early January. Also, domestic rebar output is expected to decline this month due to the fewer working days and maintenance plans by most local makers. February’s output is estimated to stay around 600,000 tonnes compared with January’s 740,000-750,000 tonnes.
Meanwhile, rebar stocks of Korea’s seven major producers dropped to 220,000-230,000 tonnes, a decrease of 120,000-130,000 tonnes from early January. Also, domestic rebar output is expected to decline this month due to the fewer working days and maintenance plans by most local makers. February’s output is estimated to stay around 600,000 tonnes compared with January’s 740,000-750,000 tonnes.
Vale wins a 90% price hike in iron ore
On 30 March, Vale reaches agreement with Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Industries to supply a 65% Fe Itabira fines at $100-110/tonne fob during in April-June. The new agreement between Vale and Japanese steel mills is the end of annual iron ore contract price system. Previously, BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto have already switched iron ore contract to quarterly or shorter basis. The new quarterly prices is accounted about 90% hike over the last year’s annual contract prices of $55.53/t and close to an average spot price for 62% Fe fine ore of about $126/tonne cfr China.
LME billet trading make a new record
The price of the three-month contract traded for Mediterranean billet on the London Metal Exchange reached $620/tonne on 29 March. That was accounted a new high record for the last eighteen-month. Meanwhile, the cash contract also hiked $595/t.
A trader told that the higher prices reflect movements in the physical market and a higher price of raw material. In addition, the volume of trading on the London Metal Exchange also reached the new record of 693,030 tonnes traded in March
A trader told that the higher prices reflect movements in the physical market and a higher price of raw material. In addition, the volume of trading on the London Metal Exchange also reached the new record of 693,030 tonnes traded in March
Stainless prices rise in East Asia
Prices of East Asian-origin 304 stainless cold rolled sheets rise by $200/tonne in the end of March. Offer prices for Korean producers are now $3,300-3,400/t, up from $3,100-3,200/t in the last week. Moreover, Taiwan’s largest stainless steelmakers, Yieh United Steel Corp (Yusco), also announced an increase of $200-300/t to its April export prices.
Price hike in Asian stainless steel was the result of higher raw material prices. On 31 March, three-month nickel prices just reach a $25,000/tonne level, outpace the last year’s high record of $24,970/tonne.
Price hike in Asian stainless steel was the result of higher raw material prices. On 31 March, three-month nickel prices just reach a $25,000/tonne level, outpace the last year’s high record of $24,970/tonne.
EU new orders rose
Eurostat – an European statistics agency – announced new orders of EU zone in December last year that rose 9.5% from a year earlier and 0.8% from a month earlier, compared to Economists surveyed last week by Dow Jones Newswires had forecast a 0.5% drop on the month and 7.0% annual gain in December. This record was claimed the highest growth rate since April 2008. France – the second biggest economy in EU – showed a very good pace as surged 17.1% on the month in December, leaving them 20.4% stronger on the year, while Germany new orders slipped 1.8% month-on-month, but were 6.1% higher on an annual basis. For 2009 as a whole, euro-zone industrial new orders plunged a record 22.6% from the previous year after a 5.5% drop in 2008, Eurostat said.
India confirms dumping duties on CR stainless imports
India has imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of cold rolled stainless steel from the European Union, South Africa, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Thailand and the USA. Products covered by the duties are CR sheet/strip 600-1,250mm wide and up to 4mm thick, in 200, 300 and 400 series stainless. And the duties are in the range of $12.74-2,254/tonne depend on producer and type of product.
India confirms dumping duties on CR stainless imports
India has imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of cold rolled stainless steel from six countries and the European Union. The duties range from $12.74/tonne for 400-series products from Spain’s Acerinox to as high as $2,254/t for 300-series products from Taiwan.
The decision follows an investigation last year which found that Indian stainless steel producers had suffered material injury as a result of the dumped imports. Provisional duties have been in force since April 2009.
The decision follows an investigation last year which found that Indian stainless steel producers had suffered material injury as a result of the dumped imports. Provisional duties have been in force since April 2009.
Iron & Steel Indutries's 2010
These days this industry is highly unpredictable, depending greatly on total supply and demand trends. In consequence, steel prices amendment with total financial pursuit. Marketplace conditions indoors the minute 2008-2009 led to the insolvency of a figure of US and total steel producers and the implementation of import tariffs. While lubricate charge or else fall down with the fall of scaling-down humankind extensive. Tariff protection representing confined manufacturers of iron and steel, however, is being phased barred and confined producers resolve carry on to elevation tough charge competition from imports.
Pursuit indoors the EU steel using sectors continued to decline sharply indoors the 2nd quarter of 2009. While a consequence, output indoors the 1st partly of the time was almost 23% down on the same episode of 2008. Companies had to muddle through with an record deterioration indoors demand representing industrialized goods, both indoors the EU and indoors total export markets. Despite stabilising fiscal markets, financing remained a chief bottleneck representing the largest part companies. Significantly bargain industrialized pursuit and exceptionally uncertain organization conditions led to abrupt account reductions indoors the downstream handing out string.
Organization prospects representing the advent quarters wait bleak although overall sentiment appears to ensue humanizing. Since July, spanking industrialized commands ongoing to recover faintly from the lows reached earlier indoors the time. The hottest PMI survey data representing the steel stuff manufacturing sector besides propose approximately recovery indoors output from a low level indoors the months further on. This ought to reduce the overall deterioration indoors production indoors the steel using sectors to 18% this time. The forecast representing 2010 shows a gradual supplementary perfection; from Q2 onwards year-on-year growth may well happen to faintly certain again. On balance, output is likely to register solitary a very modest growth.
Humanizing financial conditions ought to run to a extra pronounced recovery indoors 2011; the initially estimate representing steel weighted industrialized reduction shows a 4% increase.
Pursuit indoors the EU steel using sectors continued to decline sharply indoors the 2nd quarter of 2009. While a consequence, output indoors the 1st partly of the time was almost 23% down on the same episode of 2008. Companies had to muddle through with an record deterioration indoors demand representing industrialized goods, both indoors the EU and indoors total export markets. Despite stabilising fiscal markets, financing remained a chief bottleneck representing the largest part companies. Significantly bargain industrialized pursuit and exceptionally uncertain organization conditions led to abrupt account reductions indoors the downstream handing out string.
Organization prospects representing the advent quarters wait bleak although overall sentiment appears to ensue humanizing. Since July, spanking industrialized commands ongoing to recover faintly from the lows reached earlier indoors the time. The hottest PMI survey data representing the steel stuff manufacturing sector besides propose approximately recovery indoors output from a low level indoors the months further on. This ought to reduce the overall deterioration indoors production indoors the steel using sectors to 18% this time. The forecast representing 2010 shows a gradual supplementary perfection; from Q2 onwards year-on-year growth may well happen to faintly certain again. On balance, output is likely to register solitary a very modest growth.
Humanizing financial conditions ought to run to a extra pronounced recovery indoors 2011; the initially estimate representing steel weighted industrialized reduction shows a 4% increase.
2010:European Steel Output Projected to grow 10%
In a recent interview, Wolfgang Eder, president of the European Confederation of Iron and Steel Industries (Eurofer; Brussels, Belgium), expressed optimism that the European steel market will witness an increase in real demand, which will lead to an estimated 5 percent to 10 percent increase in production.
According to research by Industrial Info Resources (Sugar Land, TX), despite a slump of 8 percent in steel production last year, the 360 billion euro ($500 billion) industry is expected to witness slow but steady economic recovery. Growth is expected to come from the restocking of depleted inventories and new demand spurred by the energy and automotive sectors. Earlier, several governments in the European Union implemented car-scrapping schemes and economic stimulus packages to revive their slumping steel sectors and declining economies. Eder was confident that despite the withdrawal of these schemes in many countries, demand for steel demand would stabilize.
A decline in demand from the small-cars segment is expected. However, this will likely be offset with an increase in steel demand from the large and luxury car segments. Rental car companies are also expected to help in demand growth as they replace old vehicles.
In 2010, imports from Indian and Chinese steelmakers are not expected to impact the European steel industry. Eder observed that shipping costs significantly impact steel prices and that tapping into the European steel markets would cause Asian steel producers to lose substantial amounts in transportation costs. In 2009, China became the largest steelmaker in the world, producing 567.8 million tons. During this period, China recorded a year-on-year increase of 13.5 percent, making the country responsible for 46.5 percent of global production. In comparison to other countries, China is a relatively new entrant in international steel trade.
In 2010, the European steel industry is expected to witness an increase in raw-material prices, which will eventually be passed to the end consumers. The present economic condition will make it difficult for steelmakers to absorb the increase in prices.
Eder also observed that one of the largest hurdles faced by the region's steel industry is overcapacity. The region, which requires 170 million to 175 million tons of steel production per year, has an existing production capacity of about 210 million tons. Overcapacity could present a big deterrent to growth in the next eight years, and steelmakers will have to take steps to reduce excess capacity by about 15 percent.
In a market report published in September 2009, Eurofer forecast that growth in 2010 is expected to begin in the second quarter. Year-on-year growth is expected to be positive, but modest. However, in 2011 the region's steel sector is set for 4 percent predicted growth.
In a related development, a steel industry report published by MEPS International (London, England) indicated that steel manufacturing activity in Europe was slow in the first two weeks of 2010. This has been attributed to economic conditions and severe weather. Germany is witnessing slow recovery in end-user steel consumption.
With steel producers pushing for price hikes, there has been a marginal increase in new orders. In France, steelmakers are contemplating an increase in prices during the second quarter of this year. While there is a slight increase in demand, there is no significant rise in real consumption. Italian steel producers are also pushing for an increase in steel prices due to the rise in raw material and iron ore costs.
While stock levels are low, a possible increase in steel prices is making distributors wary of placing large orders. In Belgium, steel prices and demand have plummeted. There is uncertainty in the domestic market about steelmakers' proposal to increase prices. In Spain, while the automotive industry is showing signs of recovery, there is no apparent increase in consumption. Although inventory has been depleted in the country, consumers are being cautious about restocking.
A decline in demand from the small-cars segment is expected. However, this will likely be offset with an increase in steel demand from the large and luxury car segments. Rental car companies are also expected to help in demand growth as they replace old vehicles.
In 2010, imports from Indian and Chinese steelmakers are not expected to impact the European steel industry. Eder observed that shipping costs significantly impact steel prices and that tapping into the European steel markets would cause Asian steel producers to lose substantial amounts in transportation costs. In 2009, China became the largest steelmaker in the world, producing 567.8 million tons. During this period, China recorded a year-on-year increase of 13.5 percent, making the country responsible for 46.5 percent of global production. In comparison to other countries, China is a relatively new entrant in international steel trade.
In 2010, the European steel industry is expected to witness an increase in raw-material prices, which will eventually be passed to the end consumers. The present economic condition will make it difficult for steelmakers to absorb the increase in prices.
Eder also observed that one of the largest hurdles faced by the region's steel industry is overcapacity. The region, which requires 170 million to 175 million tons of steel production per year, has an existing production capacity of about 210 million tons. Overcapacity could present a big deterrent to growth in the next eight years, and steelmakers will have to take steps to reduce excess capacity by about 15 percent.
In a market report published in September 2009, Eurofer forecast that growth in 2010 is expected to begin in the second quarter. Year-on-year growth is expected to be positive, but modest. However, in 2011 the region's steel sector is set for 4 percent predicted growth.
In a related development, a steel industry report published by MEPS International (London, England) indicated that steel manufacturing activity in Europe was slow in the first two weeks of 2010. This has been attributed to economic conditions and severe weather. Germany is witnessing slow recovery in end-user steel consumption.
With steel producers pushing for price hikes, there has been a marginal increase in new orders. In France, steelmakers are contemplating an increase in prices during the second quarter of this year. While there is a slight increase in demand, there is no significant rise in real consumption. Italian steel producers are also pushing for an increase in steel prices due to the rise in raw material and iron ore costs.
While stock levels are low, a possible increase in steel prices is making distributors wary of placing large orders. In Belgium, steel prices and demand have plummeted. There is uncertainty in the domestic market about steelmakers' proposal to increase prices. In Spain, while the automotive industry is showing signs of recovery, there is no apparent increase in consumption. Although inventory has been depleted in the country, consumers are being cautious about restocking.
Zinc Toys - Metal Playtoy
When the relevance of the metal with toys. You would think bringing many types of metal materials to manufacture the components of body structure or toys such as toys, however, the main body of the metal is currently less ever since been replaced by generic materials such as plastics and polymers. rubber, etc., but to say that toy with a metal structure has a less steadily in the past would show that this species must have toys galore. If your readers come out of childhood and reasonable. Would still remember the old toy has (roughly 25-30 years ago), especially old toys commonly known that. "Zinc toys" which really means the toy was manufactured from zinc coated steel sheets. Or sometimes a tin coated steel sheets (such as canned sweetened condensed milk) has examples of this genre include toy cars and robots, aircraft, ships, etc..
Zinc is a type of toy appeal and request to raise the offer. Due to its unique form and color technology hidden inside (which held that the technology being the origin of the technology works is that it has no current) "ships zinc thermal energy".
First talks for History of the power of man in ancient little before write. To understand the mechanism driving the boat type zinc thermal energy water better. The old drive using various tools created by humans, such as boats or other vehicles used to force people from animals, wind energy, natural one. Until the discovery. "Steam engine" by James Watt system driving different machinery to change the form of steam power instead. And discovered that it is the industry's practices in Europe first. This is the first page of the history of human progress ever. (Using machines instead of human work), the steam engine technology is still extremely important to the industry in the current generation of fuel coal and fuel oil or nuclear fuel, etc..
Now try to look back. Our boat zinc. Will see that bottom area. Pipeline will be placed between 2 parallel pipelines with one end side to transfix the stern drive system for a while longer end of the ceiling to adjacent vessels in a manner which is closed basin. How to play will take water from the pipe infuse both the stern of the water flowing into the pipes and sink off fully. Then the boat to put on the water. Now the water from the outside. Subsequently brought to light paraffin and inserted under the ceiling board to heat the water in the sink off. As the hot water in the basin off will increasingly push bubbles out of the stern end of pipe to make boat moves forward and water from outside. Inability to lower temperatures than water will move into place in the taper is still light.
While running, it is pok-pak because traction with water bubbles. All will see that the principles of driving a boat the same principles steam engine boat moving principle is the same steam engine. (Power, heat, boiling water), but may have different due to some steam engine uses steam to a high-energy-driven mechanism. However, zinc boat. Use only pressure from the hot water bubbles from growing more.
Zinc is a type of toy appeal and request to raise the offer. Due to its unique form and color technology hidden inside (which held that the technology being the origin of the technology works is that it has no current) "ships zinc thermal energy".
Now try to look back. Our boat zinc. Will see that bottom area. Pipeline will be placed between 2 parallel pipelines with one end side to transfix the stern drive system for a while longer end of the ceiling to adjacent vessels in a manner which is closed basin. How to play will take water from the pipe infuse both the stern of the water flowing into the pipes and sink off fully. Then the boat to put on the water. Now the water from the outside. Subsequently brought to light paraffin and inserted under the ceiling board to heat the water in the sink off. As the hot water in the basin off will increasingly push bubbles out of the stern end of pipe to make boat moves forward and water from outside. Inability to lower temperatures than water will move into place in the taper is still light.
While running, it is pok-pak because traction with water bubbles. All will see that the principles of driving a boat the same principles steam engine boat moving principle is the same steam engine. (Power, heat, boiling water), but may have different due to some steam engine uses steam to a high-energy-driven mechanism. However, zinc boat. Use only pressure from the hot water bubbles from growing more.
Scrap metal monitoring radioactivity in steel
The radioactive sources, large and small, used in many industries worldwide. Some of these sources fall through the cracks of the applications of radiation to which they belong and are misplaced or lost. Since their appearance often gives away what it really is, these sources often have their way into yards. Many recycling steel scrap yards of them from casting and roll the helm of various sheet metal products. If the steel factory will merge one of these sources, the products they produce will be contaminated. If the source is large, or if there are multiple sources, this could pose a serious risk to public health.
To reduce the risk of receiving radioactive materials from the suppliers of waste, many mills have implemented hardware detection of radiation at the ports of their property. These detectors are often large plastic scintillators designed to detect gamma radiation emitted from the source. These systems usually consist of several sensors and a control unit which is controlled by an operator in the gatehouse. Although these screens well designed road is always very difficult to detect a source in a load of waste. Often these sources are encapsulated in some form of shielding and complicate further and scrap the sides of container as the act as shielding.
Port monitors are the first lines of defense for steel mills. Many of them are controlled by others to cranes that pick up waste load on trucks and cars take to the scrap mill. Also, inside the crane loading scrap charging buckets, which are then dumped in the oven to melt scrap metal from an alternative system of radiation detection. If a radiation source in steel at the time, this is the last chance that the plant must be found before the melting of steel.
If the premises melting a radioactive source is important that the radioactive steel equipment not transferred to Andre Miller, or worse, formed in the product and the right to leave the area. Follow the procedure that the radiation detected in the steel, which consumes more expensive per hour will be for the steel plant for cleaning. Most factories have complete control of the steel after melting the sample and place in the one other radiation detector. This is done before the liquid steel is placed in the molding machine.
Port monitors are the first lines of defense for steel mills. Many of them are controlled by others to cranes that pick up waste load on trucks and cars take to the scrap mill. Also, inside the crane loading scrap charging buckets, which are then dumped in the oven to melt scrap metal from an alternative system of radiation detection. If a radiation source in steel at the time, this is the last chance that the plant must be found before the melting of steel.
If the premises melting a radioactive source is important that the radioactive steel equipment not transferred to Andre Miller, or worse, formed in the product and the right to leave the area. Follow the procedure that the radiation detected in the steel, which consumes more expensive per hour will be for the steel plant for cleaning. Most factories have complete control of the steel after melting the sample and place in the one other radiation detector. This is done before the liquid steel is placed in the molding machine.
The Process to Make the Armor
Iron and animate accept become allotment and bindle of our circadian activity in this avant-garde world. They are acclimated in altered agency and for altered purposes these days. And actuality we are traveling to attending at some of the agency in which adamant and animate has been acclimated from the age-old times as well.
Iron and Steel
Iron can be disconnected into two types: with little carbon agreeable it becomes adaptable and is animate or wrought-iron, and with added than the minimum of carbon actual in its agreement it is cast-iron and absorbed to be brittle.
Probably the greatest use of the metal in the accomplished was in the authoritative of Armour and arms. Armour was acclimated both for aegis in action and in jousting, and for august purposes. In the aboriginal instances it was advised not alone to abide assault from lances and cudgels but to avert them and agitated the opponent's balance.
Ceremonial accessories on the added hand, displayed the art of the armourer to the best advantage and apparent his accomplishment at adorning a clothing in the a lot of arresting manner. Accomplished Armour of either blazon is now acutely attenuate alfresco museums, and even if it was accessible actual few collectors accept amplitude in which to affectation it adequately. Embellishment takes the anatomy of engraving, gilding, aloft patterns, and damascening: applique in gold and silver.
Swords and added duke weapons were generally awful decorated; aboriginal ones of accomplished superior are rare, but seventeenth- and eighteenth-century examples can be found.
Firearms accept accustomed a abundant bulk of abstraction in the endure few years, and the amount of a acceptable pistol has risen enormously. The accountable is a actual advanced one and cannot be dealt with briefly. Mechanisms for battlefront the allegation of armament and ejecting the missile can be disconnected into apparent types that accomplish dating possible, but alone aural advanced limits.
From the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries the crumb was afire by agency of a wheel-lock, a accustomed asperous caster which attempted to bang blaze from a section of flint commensurable to a cigarette-lighter. Its successor, alien aboriginal in the seventeenth century, was the flint-lock, in which a section of flint absorbed in animate aperture was sprung down on to the crumb and afire it as it addled the animate powder-pan.
This adjustment endured until aboriginal in the nineteenth century, if a baby cap, absolute chemicals that detonated on getting hit, accepted as a bang cap, was invented. The cap was placed abreast the powder, and if the activate was apprenticed the bang fell and the cap exploded the gunpowder.
We accept apparent how adamant and animate were acclimated to appearance ability through the armours of the kings and his soldiers that proves their ability and power. We accept aswell apparent how the authoritative action complex has progressed from the time it has been extensively.
Iron can be disconnected into two types: with little carbon agreeable it becomes adaptable and is animate or wrought-iron, and with added than the minimum of carbon actual in its agreement it is cast-iron and absorbed to be brittle.
Probably the greatest use of the metal in the accomplished was in the authoritative of Armour and arms. Armour was acclimated both for aegis in action and in jousting, and for august purposes. In the aboriginal instances it was advised not alone to abide assault from lances and cudgels but to avert them and agitated the opponent's balance.
Ceremonial accessories on the added hand, displayed the art of the armourer to the best advantage and apparent his accomplishment at adorning a clothing in the a lot of arresting manner. Accomplished Armour of either blazon is now acutely attenuate alfresco museums, and even if it was accessible actual few collectors accept amplitude in which to affectation it adequately. Embellishment takes the anatomy of engraving, gilding, aloft patterns, and damascening: applique in gold and silver.
Swords and added duke weapons were generally awful decorated; aboriginal ones of accomplished superior are rare, but seventeenth- and eighteenth-century examples can be found.
Firearms accept accustomed a abundant bulk of abstraction in the endure few years, and the amount of a acceptable pistol has risen enormously. The accountable is a actual advanced one and cannot be dealt with briefly. Mechanisms for battlefront the allegation of armament and ejecting the missile can be disconnected into apparent types that accomplish dating possible, but alone aural advanced limits.
From the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries the crumb was afire by agency of a wheel-lock, a accustomed asperous caster which attempted to bang blaze from a section of flint commensurable to a cigarette-lighter. Its successor, alien aboriginal in the seventeenth century, was the flint-lock, in which a section of flint absorbed in animate aperture was sprung down on to the crumb and afire it as it addled the animate powder-pan.
This adjustment endured until aboriginal in the nineteenth century, if a baby cap, absolute chemicals that detonated on getting hit, accepted as a bang cap, was invented. The cap was placed abreast the powder, and if the activate was apprenticed the bang fell and the cap exploded the gunpowder.
We accept apparent how adamant and animate were acclimated to appearance ability through the armours of the kings and his soldiers that proves their ability and power. We accept aswell apparent how the authoritative action complex has progressed from the time it has been extensively.
Furnace Buying Tips
1. What blazon of boiler do you want? Will it be Gas or Electric?
The Gas Furnace
The gas boiler is consistently added affordable to use than the electric boiler area gas is readily available. On the downside, afire ammunition generates fumes. In well-maintained gas furnaces, the effluvium generated are amid in the exchanger and again avenue the abode through an bankrupt vent.
Remember, a gas boiler accept to be arrested by a able able at atomic already a year. The able would analysis the boiler for holes, leaks or cracks. A breach or able in the boiler lets carbon monoxide bleed into your abode or abode of business.
The Electric Furnace
The electric boiler has a college bulk than a gas furnace. On the upside, back electric furnaces do not use flames, it does not accomplish any carbon monoxide. The electric boiler is cleaner and safer than a gas furnace.
2. The Superior of the Furnace
The superior of the boiler determines how continued and how able-bodied it will perform. Choosing a cast of boiler that has a history of superior and believability can be beneath cher in the continued run. Ask your architect about which cast will be optimal for your needs. A chargeless appraisal for the acquirement and accession are accessible in some companies.
3. The Ability of the Furnace
The ability of gas furnaces are bent by the AFUE or Annual Ammunition Utilization Ability ratings. The AFUE ratings identifies how calmly is the ammunition getting consumed. In a lot of cases, a college AFUE appraisement agency it takes beneath ammunition to calefaction your home.
Gas furnaces with college ratings bulk added than those with lower ratings but may save you added money down the road. A minimum appraisement of 78% is accustomed by the government in 1992. Many furnaces accept an ability appraisement of about 60% above-mentioned to 1992.
a. The Mid-Efficiency Furnaces
The mid-efficiency furnaces are aswell alleged 'induces abstract furnaces' or 'non-condensing furnaces'. The mid-efficiency boiler offers the bald minimum of 78% ability up to about 80%.
b. The High-Efficiency Furnaces
The high-efficiency furnaces are aswell accepted as 'condensing furnaces' or 'sealed agitation furnaces'. The high-efficiency furnaces has an AFUE appraisement as top as 96%. Some furnaces use a two-stage valve and an able variable-speed motor to accession abundance and effectiveness.
4. The Abundance appearance of furnaces
Several furnaces accommodate appearance that increases abundance and efficiency.
a. The appearance of the two-speed furnace
The boiler can action at low acceleration for a lot of of the time. It allows for a added quieter operation for a best bulk of time compared to a 'single-speed furnace'. The best run periods acquiesce for beneath start/stop cycles, beneath drafts, and actual little temperature variance.
The temperature beat is bound to about two degrees compared to the four amount about-face of the single-speed units. The two-speed assemblage gives bigger apportionment which prevents warmer air from ascent and the acknowledgment air from clearing down. The two-speed assemblage gives a added constant temperature in the house.
b. The appearance of variable-capacity furnaces
Furnaces with capricious accommodation accommodate a aggregate of ability and comfort. The variable-capacity has a motor that regulates your needs by automatically adjusting air aggregate and speed. The var-cap boiler provides the a lot of able heating and cooling.
A fan comes with the var-cap furnace. The fan will abate your bulk during summer. If the fan is acclimated throughout summer, the axial air conditioning assemblage increases in efficiency.
5. The boiler babble level
Unfortunately, all furnaces do not appear with a accepted appraisement arrangement for complete clashing calefaction pumps and air conditioners. Although, two-speed units and var-cap units about accomplish at a low babble levels.
The two-speed and var-cap furnaces run for best periods and lower sounds than the accepted unit. Certain var-cap units has appearance that anticipate 'creaking' of the ducts due to amplification and abbreviating acquired by alteration temperature. The temperature cogwheel is bargain so that the acrid babble is aswell about eliminated.
The Gas Furnace
The gas boiler is consistently added affordable to use than the electric boiler area gas is readily available. On the downside, afire ammunition generates fumes. In well-maintained gas furnaces, the effluvium generated are amid in the exchanger and again avenue the abode through an bankrupt vent.
Remember, a gas boiler accept to be arrested by a able able at atomic already a year. The able would analysis the boiler for holes, leaks or cracks. A breach or able in the boiler lets carbon monoxide bleed into your abode or abode of business.
The Electric Furnace
The electric boiler has a college bulk than a gas furnace. On the upside, back electric furnaces do not use flames, it does not accomplish any carbon monoxide. The electric boiler is cleaner and safer than a gas furnace.
2. The Superior of the Furnace
The superior of the boiler determines how continued and how able-bodied it will perform. Choosing a cast of boiler that has a history of superior and believability can be beneath cher in the continued run. Ask your architect about which cast will be optimal for your needs. A chargeless appraisal for the acquirement and accession are accessible in some companies.
3. The Ability of the Furnace
The ability of gas furnaces are bent by the AFUE or Annual Ammunition Utilization Ability ratings. The AFUE ratings identifies how calmly is the ammunition getting consumed. In a lot of cases, a college AFUE appraisement agency it takes beneath ammunition to calefaction your home.
Gas furnaces with college ratings bulk added than those with lower ratings but may save you added money down the road. A minimum appraisement of 78% is accustomed by the government in 1992. Many furnaces accept an ability appraisement of about 60% above-mentioned to 1992.
a. The Mid-Efficiency Furnaces
The mid-efficiency furnaces are aswell alleged 'induces abstract furnaces' or 'non-condensing furnaces'. The mid-efficiency boiler offers the bald minimum of 78% ability up to about 80%.
b. The High-Efficiency Furnaces
The high-efficiency furnaces are aswell accepted as 'condensing furnaces' or 'sealed agitation furnaces'. The high-efficiency furnaces has an AFUE appraisement as top as 96%. Some furnaces use a two-stage valve and an able variable-speed motor to accession abundance and effectiveness.
4. The Abundance appearance of furnaces
Several furnaces accommodate appearance that increases abundance and efficiency.
a. The appearance of the two-speed furnace
The boiler can action at low acceleration for a lot of of the time. It allows for a added quieter operation for a best bulk of time compared to a 'single-speed furnace'. The best run periods acquiesce for beneath start/stop cycles, beneath drafts, and actual little temperature variance.
The temperature beat is bound to about two degrees compared to the four amount about-face of the single-speed units. The two-speed assemblage gives bigger apportionment which prevents warmer air from ascent and the acknowledgment air from clearing down. The two-speed assemblage gives a added constant temperature in the house.
b. The appearance of variable-capacity furnaces
Furnaces with capricious accommodation accommodate a aggregate of ability and comfort. The variable-capacity has a motor that regulates your needs by automatically adjusting air aggregate and speed. The var-cap boiler provides the a lot of able heating and cooling.
A fan comes with the var-cap furnace. The fan will abate your bulk during summer. If the fan is acclimated throughout summer, the axial air conditioning assemblage increases in efficiency.
5. The boiler babble level
Unfortunately, all furnaces do not appear with a accepted appraisement arrangement for complete clashing calefaction pumps and air conditioners. Although, two-speed units and var-cap units about accomplish at a low babble levels.
The two-speed and var-cap furnaces run for best periods and lower sounds than the accepted unit. Certain var-cap units has appearance that anticipate 'creaking' of the ducts due to amplification and abbreviating acquired by alteration temperature. The temperature cogwheel is bargain so that the acrid babble is aswell about eliminated.
Power Managemanet Steel Industry
Power Management. In addition to energy management measures such as scrap iron, heated to burn heads 3 heads in a heated tank furnace steel annealing tray taken Tundish the head combustion type exhaust heat from the heated air (Self Recuperative Burner) which practices are still powerful. power management follows.
- Quality control of steel scrap.
- The heated scrap steel from the furnace exhaust.
- Arc furnace using a DC power (DC EAF)
Energy saving guide for Steel Industrial
Industry about the iron and steel products. Classified as heavy industry. More power. Energy costs account for 20% of production costs. Some of the power of nearly 100 million baht per month or per year more than 1,000 million baht ever. If energy costs only 1% was 10 million baht per year. Power management in the steel industry so interesting.
Energy costs account for approximately 20% of production costs. The other costs include cost of raw materials or scrap steel costs 67% electrodes 8% 2% wage cost insulation oven 3% of power is divided into 60% for electric furnace casting and forming processes. 40% thermal energy from fuel oil, fuel oil and polystyrene Equatorial Hotel. Or natural gas. For steel oven. And head for combustion to heat addition in combustion furnace and heated cylinder heads transfusion and iron foundry Ladle Tundish head burn tray if the machine was divided. R. furnace is a power machine that uses the most energy. Secondary oven is a steel plant in steel tank transfer molding machine and Tundish annealing tray, respectively.
Squandering ways to reduce iron with oxygen directly.
Squandering iron ore by means of oxygen reduction occurs directly before squandering squandering by a blast furnace. Current amount of steel produced by this method squander less than 2 percent of the total volume of squandering the world's steel. Mexico is a country that produced the most. Many plants are plants with capacity of 450 tons of steel per day squandering squandering steel produced by this method is similar to a small grain. When expanded view to see the surrounding porous. Similar hole made in the sponge iron is often called porous (sponge iron) production of perforated metal different from the steel by squandering squandering a blast furnace. Iron ore is ground to provide detailed size 11.5 mm fuel use methane gas, which generally is separated from natural gas. Or carbon monoxide gas. With hydrogen. These gases act as fuel to heat high. And allow oxygen reduction reaction.
Iron ore was ground to flow into the reactor (reactor) from the tower gas heat (heating tower) will flow into the reactors. React with the iron ore is porous iron out. Iron ore to react in the reactor about 10-14 hours long 100 tons of iron ore to steel, perforated steel, perforated 60-65 tons 1 ton require 760-800 cubic meters of methane gas, iron sulfur content is less porous than iron squander that. from squandering a blast furnace. Because sulfur in iron ore were removed by the reaction of oxygen reduction at porous steel will be made to steel.
The perforated steel suitable sources of natural gas. Or carbon monoxide as a volume. Take - Thai municipal project to produce porous iron using natural gas found in the Gulf of Thailand. This project plans to set up factories in the industrial area east coast
Iron ore was ground to flow into the reactor (reactor) from the tower gas heat (heating tower) will flow into the reactors. React with the iron ore is porous iron out. Iron ore to react in the reactor about 10-14 hours long 100 tons of iron ore to steel, perforated steel, perforated 60-65 tons 1 ton require 760-800 cubic meters of methane gas, iron sulfur content is less porous than iron squander that. from squandering a blast furnace. Because sulfur in iron ore were removed by the reaction of oxygen reduction at porous steel will be made to steel.
The perforated steel suitable sources of natural gas. Or carbon monoxide as a volume. Take - Thai municipal project to produce porous iron using natural gas found in the Gulf of Thailand. This project plans to set up factories in the industrial area east coast
Squandering squandering iron with a blast furnace.
From iron ore to steel, we will squander squander squander before using a blast furnace. Which resembles a high chimney. Diameter is 6-12 meters 40-60 meters high and smaller at lower swollen near the base of the furnace directly. To do with external plates. The internal personnel with different fireguard.
By temperature. It's on the kiln car is moving conveyor iron ore and limestone, along with Teanocgk be used to contain fuel stove from above. Beneath a hole blown into the air through the coal to burn. Waste and filth that. Will be a separate channel bottom of the oven. Before Tech took iron melting out. Steel to steel called squandering.
This will also benefit what is not. As vulnerable. Because some substances are called impure substances such as silicon phosphorus sulfur contamination is enormous. And the amount of carbon in iron to squander up to 4 per cent must be made of steel or cast iron. Or other words that speak.
Materials in the production of cast iron or steel, other steel is steel mixed squandering sure enough. Steel production is squandering squandering of a blast furnace is approximately 500-2000 tonnes per day per stove. The average coal consumption of 0.6 tons per 1 ton of steel squander.
Reactions that occur in the kiln. Oxygen reduction reaction is as follows.
Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO.
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2.
By temperature. It's on the kiln car is moving conveyor iron ore and limestone, along with Teanocgk be used to contain fuel stove from above. Beneath a hole blown into the air through the coal to burn. Waste and filth that. Will be a separate channel bottom of the oven. Before Tech took iron melting out. Steel to steel called squandering.
This will also benefit what is not. As vulnerable. Because some substances are called impure substances such as silicon phosphorus sulfur contamination is enormous. And the amount of carbon in iron to squander up to 4 per cent must be made of steel or cast iron. Or other words that speak.
Materials in the production of cast iron or steel, other steel is steel mixed squandering sure enough. Steel production is squandering squandering of a blast furnace is approximately 500-2000 tonnes per day per stove. The average coal consumption of 0.6 tons per 1 ton of steel squander.
Reactions that occur in the kiln. Oxygen reduction reaction is as follows.
Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO.
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2.
Squandering Steel in Thailand.
Steel is a metal key. And use than other metals. Global steel production estimated percentage. 96 average in all of metal each year. The steel industry is. Century Buddhism began around 9, but also obstacles in the production of steel and can not be very time-generation steel (Iron Age) has started seriously in the 20th century, Buddhism is squandering steel from iron ore. The squandering a blast furnace (blast furnace) in the first fuel is wood charcoal. To use coal (coal) currently used Teanocgk (coke) instead of coal, steel production during the 20 century, Buddhism is not good quality steel. Most iron in the form of squandering (pig iron), even a poor quality steel. But the popularity has led to benefits. It features better than other metals. In Buddhist century Sir Henry 23 Best Access Merrill (Sir Henry Bessemer, harbor in 1813 -1893, the British engineers) find a way to squander your steel - better known properties of steel (steel) that. plate hardness can be increased. And other features. Great discoveries of Sir Henry Best Access Merrill makes steel quickly. Time and very low. Considered that the revolutionary steel industry.
There are several types of iron ore. Each has different components. Iron ore is scattered almost throughout the world. But good quality iron ore. Total concentration is high. And a sufficient amount of minerals to produce steel are not many of the players. The following types of iron ore is.
1. Hematite is a mineral right to squander the steel. Of iron ore is in the form of oxides. With chemical formula Fe2O3 that is a red iron ore. Steel has about 70 per cent found in USA - America, Australia, the Soviet Union.
2. Magnetite ore that is suitable to use as squandering iron ore a chemical formula Fe3O4 that is black and steel percentage approximately 72 to 73 found in the United States, Sweden and China.
3. Siderite ore is brown with a low number concentration. And iron in the form of a carbonate chemical formula that is iron FeCO3 approximately 47-49 per cent preferred not to squander it with a minimum amount of iron minerals found in the United States, UK and Germany.
4. Limonite minerals are brown and the iron ore in the form of oxide compounds in a chemical formula that Fe2O3 X (H2O) with iron about 60-65 per cent found in France, the United States.
5. Pyrite in iron ore in the form of supporting a recipe that is light Grand FeS2 is a brown steel approximately 60 percent due to iron in the form of supporting a Grand light. Is not popular to be squandering. Because the sulfur in the ore to make steel, sulfur has been squandering doctor become brittle steel.
In Thailand as the survey. Iron minerals found in many areas, such as iron ore they lean buffalo. Lopburi. Echiyongcan Province, Muang District, all provinces all his nondescript Kanchanaburi him - Steel Nakhon Si Thammarat. Mineral found mostly Hematite minerals and mineral supply some Magnetite enough to unlock the steel industry or squander steel industry has. But the lack of investment. Because the steel industry is squandering the money fund industry.
In the steel industry. Steel production was divided into 2 major methods together is.
1. Squandering iron directly from iron ore. Squandering divided into 2 sub-method approach is squandering squandering steel. The squandering a blast furnace. Steel and squandering squandering way reduce oxygen directly (direct reduction) production by this method after suitable sources of natural gas a lot.
2. The steel used to melt scrap steel in the new electric stove. Steel production by this method does not require iron ore.
There are several types of iron ore. Each has different components. Iron ore is scattered almost throughout the world. But good quality iron ore. Total concentration is high. And a sufficient amount of minerals to produce steel are not many of the players. The following types of iron ore is.
1. Hematite is a mineral right to squander the steel. Of iron ore is in the form of oxides. With chemical formula Fe2O3 that is a red iron ore. Steel has about 70 per cent found in USA - America, Australia, the Soviet Union.
2. Magnetite ore that is suitable to use as squandering iron ore a chemical formula Fe3O4 that is black and steel percentage approximately 72 to 73 found in the United States, Sweden and China.
3. Siderite ore is brown with a low number concentration. And iron in the form of a carbonate chemical formula that is iron FeCO3 approximately 47-49 per cent preferred not to squander it with a minimum amount of iron minerals found in the United States, UK and Germany.
4. Limonite minerals are brown and the iron ore in the form of oxide compounds in a chemical formula that Fe2O3 X (H2O) with iron about 60-65 per cent found in France, the United States.
5. Pyrite in iron ore in the form of supporting a recipe that is light Grand FeS2 is a brown steel approximately 60 percent due to iron in the form of supporting a Grand light. Is not popular to be squandering. Because the sulfur in the ore to make steel, sulfur has been squandering doctor become brittle steel.
In Thailand as the survey. Iron minerals found in many areas, such as iron ore they lean buffalo. Lopburi. Echiyongcan Province, Muang District, all provinces all his nondescript Kanchanaburi him - Steel Nakhon Si Thammarat. Mineral found mostly Hematite minerals and mineral supply some Magnetite enough to unlock the steel industry or squander steel industry has. But the lack of investment. Because the steel industry is squandering the money fund industry.
In the steel industry. Steel production was divided into 2 major methods together is.
1. Squandering iron directly from iron ore. Squandering divided into 2 sub-method approach is squandering squandering steel. The squandering a blast furnace. Steel and squandering squandering way reduce oxygen directly (direct reduction) production by this method after suitable sources of natural gas a lot.
2. The steel used to melt scrap steel in the new electric stove. Steel production by this method does not require iron ore.
Iron and steel production processes.
Production of iron and steel includes the following steps.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
3. Foundry.
4. The process such as forming iron shots.
Products through Step 4 and then go through a progression that can be. Industry continued. To produce a variety of types of usage such as construction materials, container, tank pressure pipes, automotive parts. Electrical machinery and so on.
In Thailand, iron and steel production will start from the intermediate annealing and casting.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
Author of mineral ore is to be converted into the right size and features to squander such as grinding iron ore to extract the information from the stigma then. May be separated based on different specific gravity (Float) or by magnetic separation (Magnetic separation), the minerals that are too detailed. To bale. (Agglomeration) before entering into oven squander.
Squandering iron ore is converted into steel to increase purity. (% Increase of iron) by removing various contaminants. From iron ore.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
Annealing steel is to heat the steel squandering (Pig iron) or steel, perforated steel scrap to make steel melt temperatures (approximately 1600 ° C).
For steel production. In this annealing process. Will improve the mix of steel by a chemical oxidation as to reduce the amount of carbon and phosphorus. The compounds are added. To reduce the amount of additives and chemicals making steel features desired. . In this process. Contaminants, mainly oxide compounds. Sponsors of the elements that need musical folk drama. To separate the metals from water. We run a separate contaminants that Slag.
3. Foundry.
Cast iron is bringing the steel to melt, then garnish
ingredients in a Hotel for the coagulation of the desired shape.
The cast can be divided into 2 a share.
1. Ingot casting is a casting of water into a steel foundry Tech is not moving (Stationary mold) to cast the ingot (Ingot).
2. Continuous casting (Continuous casting) is the melt water to flow through a steel foundry (Mold) and continued to freeze. "Semi-product success" is Billet, Bloom or Slab, which can be cut and processed through the following processes.
Continuous casting currently popular. Since led to the increase in productivity was (Yield), improve quality, increase productivity and efficiency of investment.
4. The process.
The process is fabricated steel to melt to get the shape and size desired. In addition to improving commercial properties of steel products also. The process includes the processing of hot and cold processing.
For plates over the hot iron can then be used to direct certain. But for some plates will be reduced in size by cold rolled. To get the desired thickness and other reasons as follows.
1. To improve the quality of the skin.
2. To provide desired mechanical properties.
3. To have a thickness less than hot rolled.
4. To control the thickness of the low discrepancy.
Because the iron is hot rolled low over the evening. Therefore, in certain plates are produced from the iron was hot to size up one before. Then cold rolled to make.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
3. Foundry.
4. The process such as forming iron shots.
Products through Step 4 and then go through a progression that can be. Industry continued. To produce a variety of types of usage such as construction materials, container, tank pressure pipes, automotive parts. Electrical machinery and so on.
In Thailand, iron and steel production will start from the intermediate annealing and casting.
1. To get minerals and squandering.
Author of mineral ore is to be converted into the right size and features to squander such as grinding iron ore to extract the information from the stigma then. May be separated based on different specific gravity (Float) or by magnetic separation (Magnetic separation), the minerals that are too detailed. To bale. (Agglomeration) before entering into oven squander.
Squandering iron ore is converted into steel to increase purity. (% Increase of iron) by removing various contaminants. From iron ore.
2. Annealing and cooking ingredients.
Annealing steel is to heat the steel squandering (Pig iron) or steel, perforated steel scrap to make steel melt temperatures (approximately 1600 ° C).
For steel production. In this annealing process. Will improve the mix of steel by a chemical oxidation as to reduce the amount of carbon and phosphorus. The compounds are added. To reduce the amount of additives and chemicals making steel features desired. . In this process. Contaminants, mainly oxide compounds. Sponsors of the elements that need musical folk drama. To separate the metals from water. We run a separate contaminants that Slag.
3. Foundry.
Cast iron is bringing the steel to melt, then garnish
ingredients in a Hotel for the coagulation of the desired shape.
The cast can be divided into 2 a share.
1. Ingot casting is a casting of water into a steel foundry Tech is not moving (Stationary mold) to cast the ingot (Ingot).
2. Continuous casting (Continuous casting) is the melt water to flow through a steel foundry (Mold) and continued to freeze. "Semi-product success" is Billet, Bloom or Slab, which can be cut and processed through the following processes.
Continuous casting currently popular. Since led to the increase in productivity was (Yield), improve quality, increase productivity and efficiency of investment.
4. The process.
The process is fabricated steel to melt to get the shape and size desired. In addition to improving commercial properties of steel products also. The process includes the processing of hot and cold processing.
For plates over the hot iron can then be used to direct certain. But for some plates will be reduced in size by cold rolled. To get the desired thickness and other reasons as follows.
1. To improve the quality of the skin.
2. To provide desired mechanical properties.
3. To have a thickness less than hot rolled.
4. To control the thickness of the low discrepancy.
Because the iron is hot rolled low over the evening. Therefore, in certain plates are produced from the iron was hot to size up one before. Then cold rolled to make.
Aluminium and steel recycling
Steel and aluminium are common materials in the manufacturing industry. The global steel consumption is around 2 billion metric tons every year and the aluminium consumption is around 30 million tons in 2009. Europe and North American countries are playing a huge role in recycling these aluminium materials.
Aluminum is obtained from bauxite, a clay-like ore that is rich in aluminium compounds. World bauxite resources comprise around 75 billion tones in which the major quantity is present in South America and Africa. More than 3 to 4 kg of bauxite is needed to get one kg of aluminium. By conserving one kg of aluminium you are leaving the earth 4 kg of bauxite ore for your younger generation. Its not just about the resources, even you can save a lot of energy by recycling these precious materials. Results shows aluminium recycling requires only 5% of the energy needed as of the energy required for the primary production of this material. Aluminium cans are the most recycled materials next to steel cans in the world. Around 60 % of the aluminium cans are recycled in US alone by 2009.
The global steel consumption is increasing at a very high rate. Statistics shows an increase of 4% of average steel consumption is recorded in developing countries like China and India. Furthermore analysts predict this consumption rate will be more than 9% by 2012. Approximately around 11 million tons of steel is thrown out as scrap in which more than 60% of the scrap is recycled. Steel recycling is also considered to be an economical recycling process when compared to other precious metals like copper, brass, gold and silver. Reports indicate recycled steel requires only 20% of the energy needed for the primary production of this material from iron ore.
With the statistics reports and other proven results we can come to a conclusion that with this metal recycling the earth's metal resource balance can be sustained only through hard efforts. Though governments are doing their best with new legal laws for recycling it's our responsibility also to save these precious resources for our younger generation. Our responsibility doesn't end with saving these resources but we have to spread the word and encourage others to recycle as much as possible.
Article Source: http://www.ArticleBlast.com
Aluminum is obtained from bauxite, a clay-like ore that is rich in aluminium compounds. World bauxite resources comprise around 75 billion tones in which the major quantity is present in South America and Africa. More than 3 to 4 kg of bauxite is needed to get one kg of aluminium. By conserving one kg of aluminium you are leaving the earth 4 kg of bauxite ore for your younger generation. Its not just about the resources, even you can save a lot of energy by recycling these precious materials. Results shows aluminium recycling requires only 5% of the energy needed as of the energy required for the primary production of this material. Aluminium cans are the most recycled materials next to steel cans in the world. Around 60 % of the aluminium cans are recycled in US alone by 2009.
The global steel consumption is increasing at a very high rate. Statistics shows an increase of 4% of average steel consumption is recorded in developing countries like China and India. Furthermore analysts predict this consumption rate will be more than 9% by 2012. Approximately around 11 million tons of steel is thrown out as scrap in which more than 60% of the scrap is recycled. Steel recycling is also considered to be an economical recycling process when compared to other precious metals like copper, brass, gold and silver. Reports indicate recycled steel requires only 20% of the energy needed for the primary production of this material from iron ore.
With the statistics reports and other proven results we can come to a conclusion that with this metal recycling the earth's metal resource balance can be sustained only through hard efforts. Though governments are doing their best with new legal laws for recycling it's our responsibility also to save these precious resources for our younger generation. Our responsibility doesn't end with saving these resources but we have to spread the word and encourage others to recycle as much as possible.
Article Source: http://www.ArticleBlast.com
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